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1000-hours/public/audios/us/serendipity-us-guy.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3
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1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/serendipity-us-guy.mp3
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1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/serendipity-us-jen.mp3
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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": 4,
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"execution_count": 1,
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"id": "9aad6634-e833-4ec4-b285-84e051329712",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [
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@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"pygame 2.5.2 (SDL 2.28.3, Python 3.12.1)\n",
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"Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html\n",
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"Files created!\n"
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]
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}
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@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@
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"import pygame\n",
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"\n",
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"TEXT = \"\"\"\n",
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"Alpha,Bravo,Charlie,Delta,Echo,Foxtrot,Golf,Hotel,India,Juliet,Kilo,Lima,Mike,November,Oscar,Papa,Quebec,Romeo,Sierra,Tango,Uniform,Victor,Whiskey,X-ray,Yankee,Zulu\n",
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"serendipity\n",
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"\"\"\"\n",
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"\n",
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"Wordlist = TEXT.split(\",\")\n",
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@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
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# 美式英语语音教程
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语音的基础内容事实上非常少。
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自然语音中最基础的、不可分割的单位是**音素**(*phonemes*);音素构成**音节**(*syllables*);音节构成**词汇**(*words*);词汇构成**意群**(*thought groups*);意群构成**句子**(*sentences*);句子构成**语篇**(*discourse*)—— 而一方说出的语篇(无论长短、无论完整与否)要被对方听到并理解,这样才能启动**对话**(*dialogue*)
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音素的准确与否,长期被认为是最重要的基础,甚至被认为是最关键的决定性因素。然而,在音素准确与否之上,更为重要的是说话的方式,即,语音的**韵律**(*prosody*)和**节奏**(*rhythm*)。所以,我们的教程将以**音节**为中心,主要关注**韵律**和**节奏** —— 当然,我们也只能从音素讲起。
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另外,这是一个**零基础教程**,所以,完全不用担心自己基础差。在教程里,我们从音素开始讲起,而音素,根据定义,就是自然语音的最基础内容 —— 实在不可能有什么比它更基础的了 —— 所以,在此之前不需要有任何预备知识。
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另外,这是一个**零基础教程**,所以,完全不用担心自己基础差。在教程里,我们从音素开始讲起,而音素,根据定义,就是自然语音的最基础内容 —— 实在不可能有什么比它更基础的了 —— 所以,在此之前不需要有任何预备知识。
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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ The fundamentals of English pronunciation, in reality, are quite straightforward
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## 1.1 字母表(Alphabets)
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英语总计使用 26 个**字母**(*letters*),各有大小写之分。在欧洲语言之中,英语是罕见的不使用**修饰符**(*diacritics*)的文字 —— 所谓修饰符,指的是拉丁字母上附加的标记,用以区分发音或者意义,比如,*â*、*é*、*ç*,等等。
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英语总计使用 26 个**字母**(*letters*),各有大小写之分。在欧洲语言之中,英语是罕见的不使用**修饰符**(*diacritics*)的文字 —— 所谓修饰符,指的是字母上附加的标记,用以区分发音或者意义,比如,*â*、*é*、*ç*,等等。
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Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowercase* forms. English stands out among European languages for not using [diacritics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic), which are special marks added to letters to alter their pronunciation or meaning, such as *â*, *é* or *ç*, etc.
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@@ -125,6 +125,6 @@ In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English
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* `cvccc`: *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
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* `ccvccc`: *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
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如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话,那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别,那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**;如果音节数量更多,可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说,**一个词汇只有一个重音**,**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇,其中有 *7* 个**次重音**,*1* 个**重音**。
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如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话,那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别,那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**;如果音节数量更多,可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说,**一个词汇只有一个重音**,**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇,其中有 *7* 个**次重音**,*1* 个**重音**。
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When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones**. Take the word *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/` as an example, it follows this rule. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.
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When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones** - take the word *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>as an example. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-vocal-tract.md
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# 2. 发声器官(Articulators)
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尽管说着不同的语言,人类的大脑构造和发声器官构造却都是一样的。也正因为如此,所有的人类幼崽都具备习得地球上任何一种语言的潜能 —— 这其实还真是一个颇有些惊人却又常常被忽视的事实。
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Despite speaking different languages, humans share the same structure of brain and articulators. It's this commonality that grants every human infants the potential to master any language on Earth - a fascinating yet often overlooked fact.
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我们用**嘴**说话…… 更详细地讲,我们讲英文的时候所使用的**发声器官**主要包括:**下巴**(*lower jaw*)、**嘴唇**(*lips*)、**牙齿**(*teeth*)、**龈脊**(*alveolar ridge*)、**舌尖**(*tongue tip*)、**舍背**(*tongue roof*)、**咽**(*pharynx*)、**喉**(*larynx*)、**声带**(*vocal cords*)等等。
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We use our *mouths* as a means of communication... To be more precise, when speaking English, key components of speech production include: *lower jaw* (or mandible), *lips*, *teeth*; *alveolar ridge* (the small bump right behind your upper front teeth); *tongue tip* and *rongue roof* or dorsum; and then throat areas which can be further divided into two parts: *pharynx* and *larynx*. Last but not least come your voice makers - *vocal cords.*
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.svg)
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另外一个重要的方面是**呼吸**(*breathe*)—— 呼吸不仅影响声音,也影响节奏;因为换气的必要,自然语流中总是存在**停顿**(*pause*)。
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The act of breathing also plays a vital role — it not only affects speech sound quality but rhythm too due to natural *pauses* for airflow regulation during continuous speech flow.
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3-details.md
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# 3. 音素详解
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理论上来讲,把每个音素读准本身其实并不难;更何况每种语言都一样,从音素的数量上来看并不是很多,比如英语,总计就那么四十几个而已。
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In theory, pronouncing each phoneme correctly isn't really a hard nut to crack; plus, like any other language, English doesn’t have that many of them—just over forty in total.
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主要的难点来自于两个方面。
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However, there are two main challenges here.
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首先是在连贯的自然语音中,几乎每个音素都有这样那样的变化。于是,我们只能通过反复阅读材料,反复练习,反复自我纠正,将起初看起来极为繁杂的知识点逐一突破。
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Firstly, almost every single phoneme morphs here and there within fluent speech. So what can one do? The key lies within *repetition* – repeatedly read materials aloud, corrected by self-monitoring your pronunciation, focusing on those pesky shifting details until they become conquered hurdles rather than intimidating obstacles.
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更大的困难来自于我们的大脑机制。随着年龄的增加,大脑会过滤母语中用不到的声音,以便提高语音识别的效率 —— 也恰恰是这一点造成了绝大多数成年人学外语的最大障碍。有些声音我们听不到、听不清楚,有些声音听到了却无法分辨,有些声音被我们自己在不知不觉中替换成了另外的样子…… 应对方式只有一个,集中注意力反复听,反复练 —— 注意力集中才是真正的关键。
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An even greater challenge stems from how our brain functions over time: as we age, our minds begin filtering out unnecessary sounds not present in native tongues as noises to enhance linguistic efficiency - which happens also to be a major obstacle for most adults learning foreign languages as some sounds go unheard or indistinct while others get mistakenly replaced unconsciously... The only weapon at hand? Again, *repetition* - repeately listen and practice, with full *attention*, which is another indispensbile key.
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4-vowels.md
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4-vowels.md
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# 2.1 元音(Vowels)
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人类的语音在最底层是相通的 —— 最明显的例证就是所有的语言都一样,不仅都以元音为核心,并且,都有大致相同的基础元音音素,比如 `ɑ`、`i`、`ʊ`、`e`、`ɔ`…… 比如,日文就恰好只有这五个母音。英文还另外有一个 `ə`;而韩文比英文还要多出一个 `ɤ`(韩文字符为 `ᅳ`) —— 这个音中文也有,比如,在 “思念” 这个词中, “思”(`sī`)的韵母就是这个音。
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元音发声时,气流从肺部通过声门冲击声带,使其均匀震动,而后通过起着共鸣器作用的口腔,无阻力地呼出。生成不同元音的主要器官是嘴唇,也是婴幼儿在学说话时所能观察到的唯一发声器官。
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以下是 5 个英文基础元音发声时的口型(嘴唇形状):
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当然,除了嘴唇的形状之外,影响元音发声的器官还有舌面的位置、软腭的动作。不过,由于人类语言的相通属性,人们在这些基础元音的发声上都没有任何困难。
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另外,英文的 `ə` 口型与 `ɪ` 接近。而 `æ` 的口型比 `e` 的大一点、比 `ɑ` 的小一点。
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# 3.1 口腔内气流共鸣位置
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# 2.1.1. 口腔内气流共鸣位置
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不同的元音在发声时,“口腔内气流共鸣位置” 不同(以下示意图中并未收录双元音)—— 这是 D.J. 音标的作者 Daniel Jones 的研究成果(插图参考 [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_diagram) 重新绘制):
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