08-21-2332, chapter 4.5-sentences

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english-old/2.4.3-cc.md

@@ -85,3 +85,4 @@ In addition, the <span class="pho">ð</span> sound can also be dropped, primaril
 值得一提的是，<span class="pho">m/n</span> + <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span> 的例子（[2.2.13](2.2.13-mnŋ)）。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>……
 
 It's worth mentioning the situation with <span class="pho">m/n</span> followed by <span class="pho">f/v</span>. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> and *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>([2.2.13](2.2.13-mnŋ)). This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>.
+

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.2-words.md

@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
 > [!Note]
 > 在练习跟读每个单词的之前，请先数一下该单词到底有多少个音节？然后再揣摩一下整个单词读出来的长度。
 
+<div class="two-column">
+
 > * *accommodate* <span class="pho alt">əˈkɑːmədeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
 > * *anniversary* <span class="pho alt">ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
 > * *anticipate* <span class="pho alt">ænˈtɪsəpeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
@@ -93,24 +95,22 @@
 > * *vocabulary* <span class="pho alt">voʊˈkæbjəleri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
 > * *vulnerable* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlnɚəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
 > * *wonderfully* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʌndɚfəli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
+</div>
 
-## 4.2.2. 强读与弱读的区别
+## 4.2.2. 强读与弱读
 
-如果一个单词被**强读**，那么这个单词中的：
+单词的读音实际上都有两种形式：
 
-> * 落在重音上的长元音和双元音都会被读的很清楚，并且足够长，甚至显得更长一些；
-> * 落在重音上的短元音都会显得更长一些；
-> * 重音所在的音节可能带着不同的声调（平调、升调、降调、降升）……
-> * 重音所在的音节可能带着更高的音高（往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 中的 “高”）……
+> * 强读式
+> * 弱读式
 
-如果一个单词被**弱读**，那么这个单词中的：
+字典里的音标标注或者真人朗读示范，都是**强读式** 。
 
-> * 长元音会变得短一些（几乎与短元音的长度相当）；
-> * 重音音节会变得与非重音音节一样轻，一样短；
-> * 很多元音都会发生变化，向 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span>靠拢；
-> * 有些清辅音 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">k</span>、<span class="pho">f</span> 之后的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> <span class="pho">ə</span> 会轻到听起来像是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，甚至可能会直接被省略掉；
-> * 很多与辅音相关的停顿会被直接省略；
-> * 单词的重音音节所处的音高往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 之中的 “低”，最多是 “中”……
+比如 *our* 这个单词，词典里标注的当然是 <span class="pho alt">ˈaʊ.ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hour-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 这是**强读式**，每一个单词的 “默认形式”。然而，在实际的自然语流中，你更多听到的并不是这个饱满的三元音 <span class="pho alt">ˈaʊ.ɚ</span> 而是它的**弱读式**，一个很轻很短的 <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span>：
+
+> It's *our* pleasure.<span class="pho alt">ˈaʊ.ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Its-our-pleasure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Its-our-pleasure-us-female.mp3"></span>
+
+关于**强读式**与**弱读式**的区别，得等到**音节**、**单词**、**意群**、**连接**全都讲清楚之后，到了**句子**那个章节再深入讲解。
 
 ## 4.2.3. 词典读音
 
@@ -167,13 +167,13 @@ spellings <--> sounds
 spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| parts(含义) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
 ```
 
-*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæp.əl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span> 就是一个表音构成的词汇，这是两个音节的词汇，app 对应着第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈæp</span>，le 对应着第二个音节 <span class="pho alt">əl</span>。所以，记忆它的时候，不是一个字母一个字母地背，说，“a、p、p、l、e…… apple!”。而是，<span class="pho alt">æ</span> 对应着 a；app，<span class="pho alt">p</span> 的拼写是两个叠加的 *pp*，而后是 *le* 读作 <span class="pho alt">əl</span> —— 这样的拼写很常见，比如，*double*, *impossible*……
+*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæp.əl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/apple-us-female.mp3"></span> 就是一个表音构成的词汇，这是两个音节的词汇，app 对应着第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈæp</span>，le 对应着第二个音节 <span class="pho alt">əl</span>。所以，记忆它的时候，不是一个字母一个字母地背，说，“*a、p、p、l、e…… apple!*”。而是，<span class="pho alt">æ</span> 对应着 a；app，<span class="pho alt">p</span> 的拼写是两个叠加的 *pp*，而后是 *le* 读作 <span class="pho alt">əl</span> —— 这样的拼写很常见，比如，*double*, *impossible*……
 
-而 *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词里，就有表意的构成，*im*- 是个常见词头（prefix），和 *un*- *ir*- 一样，表示否定的含义，*possible* 是 “可能的”，*impossible* 就是 “不可能的”。进而，*possible* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/possible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/possible-us-female.mp3"></span> 就可以把它完全当作只有表音构成的词汇，po 读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span>，或者反过来，<span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span> 写作 po，ssi ⭠⭢ <span class="pho alt">sə</span>，ble ⭠⭢ <span class="pho alt">bəl</span>…… 反正不应该是 “p、o、s、s、i、b、l、e…… possible!”…… 生硬地按顺序记住 7 个字母，显然不如 “只记三个音节” 来的容易 —— 这其中，需要多注意一下的，不过是 ss（double s）而已。
+而 *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词里，就有表意的构成，*im*- 是个常见词头（prefix），和 *un*- *ir*- 一样，表示否定的含义，*possible* 是 “可能的”，*impossible* 就是 “不可能的”。进而，*possible* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː.sə.bəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/possible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/possible-us-female.mp3"></span> 就可以把它完全当作只有表音构成的词汇，*po* 读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span>，或者反过来，<span class="pho alt">ˈpɑː</span> 写作 *po*，*ssi* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sə</span>，*ble* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">bəl</span>…… 反正不应该是 “*p、o、s、s、i、b、l、e…… possible!*”…… 生硬地按顺序记住 7 个字母，显然不如 “只记三个音节” 来的容易 —— 这其中，需要多注意一下的，不过是 ss（double s）而已。
 
 词根词缀，在词汇量没达到一定程度之前，实际用处不大 —— 但，到了一定地步，比如，词汇量超过 5,000 的时候，在这样扎实的基础上，稍微研究一下词根词缀，对快速且大量地做大词汇量是很有帮助的。
 
-举个例子，*ichthyosaur* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-female.mp3"></span>，这个一看就知道并非常用的词汇，其实很简单，先从表音构成去看，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θi.ə.sɔːr</span> —— 剑桥词典把它划分成了 4 个音节…… 但感觉上，第二第三个音节可以合并，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span>，ich ⭠⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk</span>, thyo ⭠⭢ <span class="pho alt">θiə</span>, saur ⭠⭢ <span class="pho alt">sɔːr</span>…… 而从表意的角度去看呢？前半部 ichthyo- 的意思是 “与鱼有关的”…… 后半部 -saur 是什么意思呢？各种恐龙的 “龙” 都是 -saur 结尾，于是，这个词的意思是 “鱼龙”……
+举个例子，*ichthyosaur* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ichthyosaur-us-female.mp3"></span>，这个一看就知道并非常用的词汇，其实很简单，先从表音构成去看，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θi.ə.sɔːr</span> —— 剑桥词典把它划分成了 4 个音节…… 但感觉上，第二第三个音节可以合并，<span class="pho alt">ˈɪk.θiə.sɔːr</span>，*ich* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">ˈɪk</span>, *thyo* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">θiə</span>, *saur* ⭤ <span class="pho alt">sɔːr</span>…… 而从表意的角度去看呢？前半部 *ichthyo*- 的意思是 “与鱼有关的”…… 后半部 -*saur* 是什么意思呢？各种恐龙的 “龙” 都是 -*saur* 结尾，于是，这个词的意思是 “鱼龙”……
 
 刚开始的时候，记忆单词无论如何都是吃力的。这是一个真诚的忠告，谁不信谁吃亏，爱信不信：
 
@@ -183,3 +183,10 @@ spellings(拼写) <-.->|拆分| parts(含义) <-.->|组合| sounds(发音)
 
 [^1]: Sound files in this list come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
 [^2]: *literally* 在该软件里的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtɚːəli</span> —— 虽然和《剑桥英语发声词典》略有不同，但我们依然看得懂……
+
+<style>
+    .two-column ul {
+        column-count: 2 !important;
+        column-gap: 2em;
+    }
+</style>

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences.md

@@ -34,57 +34,61 @@
 > [!Note]
 > 这个列表不能当作**硬规则**使用，不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读；也不是所有的实词都必须被强读 —— 根据情况，这些词在自然语流中也有被强读的时候。
 
+<div class="two-column">
+
 > * a: <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
 > * am: <span class="pho alt">æm</span> → <span class="pho alt">əm, m</span>
 > * an: <span class="pho alt">æn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ən, n</span>
 > * and: <span class="pho alt">ænd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ənd, nd, ən, n</span>
-> * any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">ni</span>
-> * are: <span class="pho">/ɑ/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
-> * as: <span class="pho alt">æs</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
-> * at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət</span>
-> * but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət</span>
+> * any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">əni</span>
+> * are: <span class="pho">ɑ:r</span> → <span class="pho alt">ɑr, ɑ, ə</span>
+> * as: <span class="pho alt">æz</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
+> * at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət, ə</span>
+> * but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət, bə</span>
 > * can: <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">kən, kn, kŋ</span>
-> * could: <span class="pho alt">kud</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
+> * could: <span class="pho alt">kʊd</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
 > * do: <span class="pho alt">duː</span> → <span class="pho alt">du, də, d</span>
 > * does: <span class="pho alt">dʌz</span> → <span class="pho alt">dəz</span>
-> * for: <span class="pho alt">fɔː</span> → <span class="pho alt">fə, f</span>
-> * from: <span class="pho alt">frɔm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
+> * for: <span class="pho alt">fɔːr</span> → <span class="pho alt">fɚ, fə, f</span>
+> * from: <span class="pho alt">frɒm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
 > * had: <span class="pho alt">hæd</span> → <span class="pho alt">həd, əd, d</span>
 > * has: <span class="pho alt">hæz</span> → <span class="pho alt">həz, əz</span>
 > * have: <span class="pho alt">hæv</span> → <span class="pho alt">həv, həf, əv, əf</span>
 > * he: <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hi, iː, i</span>
-> * her: <span class="pho alt">həː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hə, əː, ə</span>
-> * him: <span class="pho alt">him</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
-> * his: <span class="pho alt">hiz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
-> * I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">aː, ə</span>
-> * is: <span class="pho alt">iz</span> → <span class="pho alt">s, z</span>
-> * many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">mni</span>
+> * her: <span class="pho alt">hɝː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hɚ, ɚ, ə</span>
+> * him: <span class="pho alt">hɪm</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
+> * his: <span class="pho alt">hɪz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
+> * I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">ɑː, ɑ, ə</span>
+> * is: <span class="pho alt">ɪz</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz, s, z</span>
+> * many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">məni</span>
 > * me: <span class="pho alt">miː</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
 > * must: <span class="pho alt">mʌst</span> → <span class="pho alt">məst, məs</span>
 > * my: <span class="pho alt">mai</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
-> * of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əv, v, f, ə</span>
-> * our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">/ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
-> * shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl, ʃl</span>
+> * of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əf, v, f</span>
+> * our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
+> * shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl</span>
 > * she: <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃi</span>
-> * should: <span class="pho alt">ʃud</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
-> * so: <span class="pho alt">səʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
+> * should: <span class="pho alt">ʃʊd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
+> * so: <span class="pho alt">soʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
 > * some: <span class="pho alt">sʌm</span> → <span class="pho alt">səm, sm</span>
 > * such: <span class="pho alt">sʌʧ</span> → <span class="pho alt">səʧ</span>
 > * than: <span class="pho alt">ðæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən, ðn</span>
 > * that: <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðət</span>
-> * the: <span class="pho">/ði/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ði, ðə</span>
+> * the: <span class="pho">ðə/ði</span> → <span class="pho alt">ð</span>
 > * them: <span class="pho alt">ðem</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðəm, ðm, əm, m</span>
 > * then: <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən</span>
 > * to: <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> → <span class="pho alt">tu, tə, t</span>
 > * us: <span class="pho alt">us</span> → <span class="pho alt">əs</span>
-> * was: <span class="pho alt">wɔz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
+> * was: <span class="pho alt">wɑːz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
 > * we: <span class="pho alt">wiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wi</span>
-> * were: <span class="pho alt">wəː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wə</span>
+> * were: <span class="pho alt">wɝː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wɚ, wə</span>
 > * when: <span class="pho alt">wen</span> → <span class="pho alt">wən</span>
-> * will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">/əl, l</span>/
-> * would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəd, əd</span>
+> * will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">wəl, əl, l</span>
+> * would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wud</span>
 > * you: <span class="pho alt">juː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ju, jə</span>
 
+</div>
+
 ## 4.5.2. 强读词汇
 
 事实上，在自然语流中，讲话者经常调整强读（强调）的词汇，用来表达不同的含义。试比较以下同一个句子的 4 个版本[^1]，在不同的版本里，被强读的词汇不同：
@@ -130,4 +134,11 @@
 其实，哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候，其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如，*city* 这个单词，重音在第一个音节上，而两处的元音是一样的：<span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>；但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重，自然而然就能感觉到**第一个音节**只能比**第二个音节**更长。
 
 [^1] 这个例子来自于 [Macquarie University](https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/Intonation-tobi-introduction)
-[^2] 这个例子来自于 *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972
+[^2] 这个例子来自于 *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972
+
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