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1000-hours/.vitepress/config.mts

@@ -193,6 +193,34 @@ export default withMermaid(
                         text: "3.2.8. ʃ/ʒ",
                         link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-ʃʒ",
                       },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.9. h",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-h",
+                      },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.10. tʃ/dʒ",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tʃdʒ",
+                      },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.11. tr/dr",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-trdr",
+                      },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.12. ts/dz",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-tsdz",
+                      },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.13. m, n, ŋ",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-mnŋ",
+                      },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.14. l, r",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-lr",
+                      },
+                      {
+                        text: "3.2.15. j, w",
+                        link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.15-jw",
+                      },
                     ]
                   },
                 ],

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-categorization.md

@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ Another way to categorize consonants is based on the method and location of airf
 | Plosive   | Voiceless     | `p`, `t`, `k`           |
 |           | Voiced        | `b`, `d`, `g`           |
 | Fricative | Voiceless     | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
-|           | Voiced        | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r` |
+|           | Voiced        | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`      |
 | Affricate | Voiceless     | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts`        |
 |           | Voiced        | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz`        |
 | Nasal     | Voiced        | `m`, `n`, `ŋ`           |
-| Lateral   | Voiced        | `l`                     |
+| Lateral   | Voiced        | `l`, `r`                |
 | Semivowel |               | `j`, `w`                |
 
 作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流震动方式和位置**。

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tʃdʒ.md

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# 3.2.10. `tʃ/dʒ`
+
+`ʃ/ʒ` 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊的对应部位，`tʃ/dʒ` 则需要舌尖贴到那个部位。
+
+When pronouncing `ʃ/ʒ`, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not touching, the corresponding area of the alveolar ridge. For `tʃ/dʒ`, however, you need to touch that area with your tongue tip.
+
+==此处需要图片==
+
+为了让舌尖适应那个部位，不妨反复练习：
+
+To get your tongue used to this position, it's a good idea to practice repeatedly:
+
+> * `ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ...`
+> * `ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ...`

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-trdr.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# 3.2.11. `tr/dr`
+
+`tr/dr` 和 `tʃ/dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，*tree* `/triː`/ 听起来是 `/tʃwiː/`，*dry* `/draɪ/` 听起来是 `/dʒwaɪ/`。
+
+The difference between the sounds `tr, dr` and `tʃ, dʒ` lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with `tr, dr`, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a `w` blended in. So, the word *tree* `/triː/` can sound like `/tʃwiː/`, and *dry* `/draɪ/` can sound like `/dʒwaɪ/`
+
+很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 `tr` 和 `dr` 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/tɤ.riː/`，其中的 `r` 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/dɤ.raɪvə/` ，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。
+
+People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce `tr` and `dr` as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as `/tɤ.riː/`, with the `r` articulated as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as `/dɤ.raɪvə/` by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the `r`.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-tsdz.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# 3.2.12. `ts/dz`
+
+`ts/dz` 和 `s/z` 不一样的地方在于发声时起始的舌尖位置，`s/z` 起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，`ts/dz` 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 `t/d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。
+
+The difference between `ts/dz` and `s/z` lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For `s/z`, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for `ts/dz`, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing `t/d`. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*.
+
+==此处需要图片==
+
+可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/` 这个词反复体会 `s`、`d`、`ts` 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 `st` 会被读成 `sd`）……
+
+The word *students* `/ˈstudənts/` can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for `s`, `d`, and `ts` (note that the initial `st` is pronounced like `sd`).

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-mnŋ.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# 3.2.13. `m`, `n`, `ŋ`
+
+`m` 和 `n` 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 `m`…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，`ɑ` 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 `mɑ` 称呼自己的母亲。 
+
+When `m` and `n` are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially `m`, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, `ɑ` is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why `mɑ` is a universal sound for *mother*. 
+
+`ŋ` 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 `ɪŋ`  而已……
+
+Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce `ŋ` after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that `ɪŋ` is the most commonly used sounds in English.
+
+麻烦在于 `m` 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 `ʊ` 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* `/ruːm/` 读成 `/ruːmʊ/`。 
+
+The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra `ʊ` sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as `/ruːmʊ/`, instead of `/ruːm/`.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-lr.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# 3.2.14. `l`, `r`
+
+`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同。
+
+When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d'.
+
+==此处需要图片==
+
+`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后。
+
+For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back.
+
+`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* 或者 *rot*……
+
+Pronouncing 'l' and 'r' at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like 'lot' or 'rot'…
+
+==此处需要图片==
+
+`l` 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
+
+The difficulty with 'l' often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
+
+不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`……
+
+Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/` a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`...
+
+`l` 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 `l` 会掺杂着一个轻微的 `ə` 的元音音色。
+
+There's a hidden motion when the `l` is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the alveolar ridge. Therefore, the `l` at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound `ə`  mixed in.
+
+说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
+
+Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
+
+> * 先反复说 `ə... əl... ə... əl...` 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，不要带嘴唇变化造成的 `ʊ` 的音色；从 `ə` 到 `l` 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
+> * Start by repeating `ə... əl... ə... əl...` Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of `ʊ` caused by lip changes. During the transition from `ə` to `əl`, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
+> * 接着直接反复说 `əl... əl...`
+> * Next, repeating `əl... əl...`
+> * 再反复说 `əlk... əlk...` 
+> * Follow with repeating `əlk... əlk...`
+> * 现在反复说 `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...` 现在需要格外注意：为了 `m` 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，此后嘴唇没有其他动作，不要带着 `ʊ` 的音色……
+> * Now, keep saying `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...`. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the `m` sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary `ʊ` sound.
+
+再用同样的方式多练练其他几个 `l` 处于音节末尾的词汇，比如：
+
+Practice some other words where `l` is at the end of the syllable, using the same method. For example:
+
+> *fail*, *file*, *sell*, *sale*, *tell*, *tale*, *trail*, *drill*...
+
+`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtəl/`
+
+In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.15-jw.md

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# 3.2.15. `j`, `w`
+
+`j` 和 `w` 是半元音。
+
+The sounds represented by `j` and `w` are semivowels in English.
+
+`j` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ɪ`，比如 *you* `/juː/`，读音上相当于是 `/iuː/`。
+
+When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* `/juː/`, pronounced the same as `/ɪuː/`.
+
+`w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `juː`，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。
+
+Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-sz.md

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 `s/z` 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。`s/z` 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处。
 
-The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between your teeth and gums.
+The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums.
 
 ==此处需要图片==

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-ʃʒ.md

@@ -2,16 +2,29 @@
 
 `ʃ` 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，`ʒ` 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置。
 
-> * `t/d` 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊上；
+The pronunciation of `ʃ` may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet `ʒ` can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound.
+
+> * `t/d` 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部；
+> * For `t/d`, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge*;
 > * `s/z` 要相对于 `t/d` 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；
+> * For `s/z`, it's closer to the front compared to `t/d`, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums;
 > * `θ/ð` 要相对于 `s/z`再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点；
+> * For `θ/ð`, it's even more forward than `s/z`, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit;
 > * `ʃ/ʒ` 相对于 `t/d` 往后一些，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位；
+> * For `ʃ/ʒ`, it's towards the back compared to `t/d`, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge*;
 > * `r` 相对于 `ʃ/ʒ` 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位……
+> * For `r`, it's further back than `ʃ/ʒ`, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge*...
 
 ==此处需要多张对比的图片==
 
 除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 `ʒ` 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
 
+Apart from English, most languages do not have the `ʒ` consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
+
 中国学生会不由自主地用 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` —— 因为 `dʒ` 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 `zh`。`ʒ` 和 `dʒ` 的区别在于，`ʒ` 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊后部；而 `dʒ` 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊后部（与 `ʒ` 同一个位置）。
 
+Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute `ʒ` with `dʒ` - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the `zh` in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between `ʒ` and `dʒ` is that, when pronouncing `ʒ`, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the back of the *alveolar ridge* while for `dʒ`, the tongue tip starts at the back of the *alveolar ridge* (same position as `ʒ`).
+
 少数人知道  `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 `ʒ` 听起来更接近 `r` —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— `r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 `ʒ` 要更靠后一点。
+
+A few understand that substituting `dʒ` for `ʒ` isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their `ʒ` sound often ends up sounding more like `r` - they retract their tongue tip too far - `r` is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to `ʒ`.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-h.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# 3.2.9. `h`
+
+不管人们用什么样的语言，笑声总是一致的…… 因为地球人在发笑的时候都使用大致一样的声音，都包含 `h` 这个音 —— 于是，没有人会觉得 `h` 的发音有什么困难。
+
+No matter what language people speak, laughter sounds the same... That's because people all over the world use roughly the same sound when they laugh, one that includes the `h` sound. As a result, no one finds it difficult to pronounce `h`.