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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-lr.md

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+# 3.2.14. `l`, `r`
+
+`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同。
+
+When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d'.
+
+==此处需要图片==
+
+`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后。
+
+For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back.
+
+`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* 或者 *rot*……
+
+Pronouncing 'l' and 'r' at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like 'lot' or 'rot'…
+
+==此处需要图片==
+
+`l` 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
+
+The difficulty with 'l' often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
+
+不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`……
+
+Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/` a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`...
+
+`l` 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 `l` 会掺杂着一个轻微的 `ə` 的元音音色。
+
+There's a hidden motion when the `l` is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the alveolar ridge. Therefore, the `l` at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound `ə`  mixed in.
+
+说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
+
+Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
+
+> * 先反复说 `ə... əl... ə... əl...` 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，不要带嘴唇变化造成的 `ʊ` 的音色；从 `ə` 到 `l` 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
+> * Start by repeating `ə... əl... ə... əl...` Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of `ʊ` caused by lip changes. During the transition from `ə` to `əl`, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
+> * 接着直接反复说 `əl... əl...`
+> * Next, repeating `əl... əl...`
+> * 再反复说 `əlk... əlk...` 
+> * Follow with repeating `əlk... əlk...`
+> * 现在反复说 `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...` 现在需要格外注意：为了 `m` 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，此后嘴唇没有其他动作，不要带着 `ʊ` 的音色……
+> * Now, keep saying `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...`. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the `m` sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary `ʊ` sound.
+
+再用同样的方式多练练其他几个 `l` 处于音节末尾的词汇，比如：
+
+Practice some other words where `l` is at the end of the syllable, using the same method. For example:
+
+> *fail*, *file*, *sell*, *sale*, *tell*, *tale*, *trail*, *drill*...
+
+`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtəl/`
+
+In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`.