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@@ -49,10 +49,6 @@ Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation. Here
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| `aɪr` | f**ire** `/faɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| `aʊr` | **hour** `/aʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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**注**：这个列表中，没有英音 `ɒ` 的对应音 `ɑ`，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/`。在 CEPD 中，*hot* 直接被标注为 `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>，实际上，*hot* 中的 `ɑ` 并没有那么长，虽然它比其它短元音相对更长一些。
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**Note**: In this list, the American English counterpart to the British English sound `ɒ`, as in *hot* `/hɑt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, is not included. In CEPD, *hot* is directly marked as `/hɑːt/`. In reality, the `ɑ` sound in *hot* is not that long, although it is relatively longer than other short vowels.
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## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
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| Consonants | Examples |
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@@ -6,11 +6,15 @@ When pronouncing this pair of vowels, the lip movement is very noticeable. It's
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与英音的 `ɒ` 相比，美音的 `ɑː` 会嘴巴张得更大一点，读得更长一点，听起来更像 `ɑ`。比如，*dog*, 英音是 `/dɒg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, 美音却是 `/dɑːg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>；而 *God*, 英音是 `/gɒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音同样相对更长一点，`/gɑːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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在 CEPD 里，美音 `ɑː` 实际上对应的是英音里的短元音 `ɒ`。在美音里，`ɑː` 可以被理解为是个半长元音。
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Compared to British English, the American pronunciation of `ɒ` is slightly *longer* and sounds more like `ɑ`. For instance, for the word *dog*, in British English, it's pronounced as `/dɒg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/dɑːg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>. Similarly, for *God*, it's `/gɒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span> in British English, but in American English it's elongated to `/gɑːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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In the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD), the American English vowel sound `ɑː` actually corresponds with the short vowel sound `ɒ` in British English. In American English, `ɑː` can be understood as a half ong vowel.
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另外，在重读音节里，`ɔː` 可能会被美国人儿化，读成 `ɔː` ，更像是双元音 `ɔər`。比如，*more* `/mɔːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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与英音的 `ɒ` 相比，美音的 `ɑː` 会嘴巴张得更大一点，读得更长一点，听起来更像 `ɑ`，但口型略圆。比如，*dog*, 英音是 `/dɒg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, 美音却是 `/dɑːg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>；而 *God*, 英音是 `/gɒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音同样相对更长一点，`/gɑːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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Additionally, in *stressed* syllables, `ɔː` might be rhotacized by Americans to sound like `ɔr`, resembling the diphthong `ɔər`, for example, *more* `/mɔːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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Compared to the British `ɒ`, the American `ɑː` is pronounced with a slightly more open mouth, held a bit longer, and sounds more like `ɑ`. However, the shape of the mouth is slightly rounded. For instance, for the word *dog*, in British English, it's pronounced as `/dɒg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/dɑːg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>. Similarly, for *God*, it's `/gɒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span> in British English, but in American English it's elongated to `/gɑːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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另外，在重读音节里，`ɔː` 可能会被美国人儿化，读成 `ɔːr` ，更像是双元音 `ɔər`。比如，*more* `/mɔːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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Additionally, in *stressed* syllables, `ɔː` might be rhotacized by Americans to sound like `ɔːr`, resembling the diphthong `ɔər`, for example, *more* `/mɔːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ There are several types of *stops* in English:
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> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
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> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss. 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
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> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
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> * 喉塞音：IPA 里用 `ʔ` —— I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 在 `m/n` 之前的时候，会出现这个喉塞音，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`
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> * **Glottal stop**: In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the phrase *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, when a `t` appears before `m` or `n`, a glottal stop is also present, as in `utmost` `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`.
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> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 I don't *thin**k** that* is true. 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/` 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`，或者 `/ˈneʔ·wɝːk/`。
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> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true* for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/` or *network* `/ˈneʔ·wɝːk/`.
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不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
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