add a script to replace
This commit is contained in:
Lyric
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ function buildPlayButton(parent, accent, gender, url) {
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emojiEl.classList.add('emoji');
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let svg = '/images/speaker-white.svg';
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let iconEmoji = '';
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let iconEmoji = '🇺🇸';
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if (accent === 'uk') {
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iconEmoji = '🇬🇧';
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} else if (accent === 'us') {
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64
1000-hours/gears/replace-code.go
Normal file
64
1000-hours/gears/replace-code.go
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
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package main
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import (
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"bufio"
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"fmt"
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"os"
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"path/filepath"
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"regexp"
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"strings"
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)
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func processFile(filePath string) error {
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file, err := os.Open(filePath)
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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defer file.Close()
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var lines []string
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scanner := bufio.NewScanner(file)
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for scanner.Scan() {
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line := scanner.Text()
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re := regexp.MustCompile("`([^`]+)`")
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modifiedLine := re.ReplaceAllStringFunc(line, func(match string) string {
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code := match[1 : len(match)-1]
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if strings.HasPrefix(code, "/") && strings.HasSuffix(code, "/") {
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// if code is wrapped with '/', replace accordingly
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return fmt.Sprintf(`<span class="pho alt">%s</span>`, code[1:len(code)-1])
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}
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// default
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return fmt.Sprintf(`<span class="pho">%s</span>`, code)
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})
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lines = append(lines, modifiedLine)
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}
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if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
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return err
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}
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return os.WriteFile(filePath, []byte(strings.Join(lines, "\n")), 0644)
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}
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func processDirectory(rootPath string) error {
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return filepath.Walk(rootPath, func(path string, info os.FileInfo, err error) error {
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if err != nil {
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return err
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}
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if !info.IsDir() && filepath.Ext(path) == ".md" {
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if err := processFile(path); err != nil {
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fmt.Printf("Error processing file %s: %s\n", path, err)
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} else {
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fmt.Printf("Processed file: %s\n", path)
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}
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}
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return nil
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})
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}
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func main() {
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directoryPath := "data/"
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if err := processDirectory(directoryPath); err != nil {
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fmt.Printf("Error processing directory: %s\n", err)
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}
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}
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@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ outline [2, 3]
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某种意义上，这是我一个人与地球上整个教育体系的争斗，为了自家的孩子 —— 换个角度看，这其实是一个唐吉柯德的故事，一个疯子非要打败风车，任人评说。
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某种意义上，这是我一个人与地球上整个教育体系的争斗，为了自家的孩子 —— 换个角度看，这其实是一个唐吉柯德的故事，一个疯子非要打败风车，任人评说。
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@@ -75,4 +75,3 @@ flowchart LR
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学习的理由无数。但从这个角度望过去，倒也非常简单直接清楚：我们必须**拥强兵为强将**，否则多可怕啊！用我们的时间，调兵打仗。无仗可打的话就找仗去打。生命不息，战斗不止，能实现多少潜力就实现多少潜力。
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@@ -56,4 +56,3 @@
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社会上绝大多数人根本就没有自学能力。可说实话，这事儿很难全怪他们，他们原本不是那个样子，上学前都好好的，主动的能力非常完整。那责怪学校有没有用呢？首先没用，其次更重要的是看透真相。因为这世界原本就是这个样子，从来都是这个样子，古今中外都一样：**好的意图从来都并一定不保证好的结果**…… 并且，**重要的事情从来都只能靠自己**，越是重要的事情越是如此。
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@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impossible-.->|生学硬练|possible
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adaptness-.->|生学硬练|mastery
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```
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可问题在于，方法论这个东西，即便有用，也常常并不能独立起作用。举个例子，我告诉你 `ŋ` 这个音后面跟着元音的时候会变成 `n`（[2.2.3.](../sounds-of-english/15-mn)）—— 你当然瞬间能够理解，甚至能够记住，可是，下一次你开口说的时候，就能做到吗？十有八九做不到。这种例子比比皆是，绝大多数英语语法知识点对第二语言习得者来说都是这样的，考场上基本上都能把题做对，可是一开口说，一动手写，就接二连三出错，即便在出错过后瞬间还能够自我意识到……
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可问题在于，方法论这个东西，即便有用，也常常并不能独立起作用。举个例子，我告诉你 <span class="pho">ŋ</span> 这个音后面跟着元音的时候会变成 <span class="pho">n</span>（[2.2.3.](../sounds-of-english/15-mn)）—— 你当然瞬间能够理解，甚至能够记住，可是，下一次你开口说的时候，就能做到吗？十有八九做不到。这种例子比比皆是，绝大多数英语语法知识点对第二语言习得者来说都是这样的，考场上基本上都能把题做对，可是一开口说，一动手写，就接二连三出错，即便在出错过后瞬间还能够自我意识到……
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```mermaid
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flowchart LR
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@@ -84,4 +84,4 @@ start([起点])----->|已流逝的时间越来越多|now([当下])-->|剩下时
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绝大多数人的问题只不过是，对自己要求太低，对世界要求太高。特别擅长糊弄自己，然后也习惯了糊弄世界…… 这个世界说实话倒也挺宽容，一般不会马上反击，可它总有忍不住的时候，万一它反手一个耳光扇过来，没有人能承受得住。
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生学硬练也有技巧：**变着花样不断搞****。试错**，总是需要不断地换新方式去尝试，然而，**重复**，也需要不断地换着方式重复，从各个角度、从各个层面去重复，变着花样去重复。只要你肯不断变花样，原本看起来无比枯燥的生学硬练就会变得趣味丛生，其乐无穷。
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生学硬练也有技巧：**变着花样不断搞****。试错**，总是需要不断地换新方式去尝试，然而，**重复**，也需要不断地换着方式重复，从各个角度、从各个层面去重复，变着花样去重复。只要你肯不断变花样，原本看起来无比枯燥的生学硬练就会变得趣味丛生，其乐无穷。
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@@ -67,4 +67,3 @@
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谁没有问题要解决呢？都有。所以，第一层比较好办，大多数人毁在第二层上。多年所谓教育的荼毒，以及多少因此而累积的挫败，逐步使绝大多数人误以为自己根本没有能力通过学习掌握解决问题的方法。在此之上叠加的是时间流逝带来的紧迫感，他们更需要的是不择手段地马上解决问题 —— 当然那肯定只能是痴心妄想 ——而不是那种需要投入金钱、时间以及注意力才能够获得的解决方案。
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@@ -52,4 +52,3 @@
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再回头望过去，你会慨叹，这么简单的道理自己怎么没早一点知道。如果你小时候就被如此告知，甚至被人拉去体验过一回，你还有什么学不会学不好的呢？学校里的那点东西，直到本科毕业之前，也都没什么实际的难度。若是早就知道这样简单却又重要的方式，人生一定会有很大的不同吧？
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如果你的孩子很小就懂得用这样的方式培养**自我纠正能力**，他们的自学能力一定相当出众，并且还会不断发展。用得着花那么多钱去请辅导老师吗？完全没必要。这种体验只要带着自家孩子经历过一次，就价值千万 —— 按照 2020 年的人均收入当作现值计算，一个人一生的价值在下一代寿命不断增加的基础上，怎么也得超过一千万人民币。学得好做得好，一千万美金也不一定挡得住。当然，做不到这一点的，就算往教育里砸进去再多的金钱再多的时间，弄不好也会变成一千万里印度拉或者俄罗斯卢布。
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@@ -78,4 +78,3 @@
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这也是学校和学校里的老师们无能为力的领域，别说他们了，因为这是必须自己对自己做的事情，连父母亲人都无能为力。
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如果你是家长，虽然你必须教会自家孩子的事情可能很多，但，**学会调整大脑为自己设定的效能阈值**，在那长长的列表上，理论上应该排名第一。
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@@ -62,4 +62,3 @@ flowchart LR
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除了不断强化动机之外，我们还需要时不时进行**自我鼓励** —— 不能总是等别人来鼓励我们，对吧？自我鼓励的最佳方式，可能会出乎很多人的意料，其实是**不择手段地鼓励他人** —— 简单得很。
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每个人都需要鼓励，但，鼓励总是稀缺的，所以，任何时候不择手段地鼓励他人都是正确的，多多益善。鼓励的本质是推动被鼓励者去完成**不相信**或者**不敢相信**的目标。你鼓励他人一次，在对方尚未做到的情况下，他们对可能性依然是存疑的 —— 这就是为什么大多数情况下大多数鼓励并不起作用的根本原因。然而，你不断鼓励他人的结果是**自己重复的次数足够多之后自己的大脑提前相信**了…… 你说，鼓励他人的最大受益者到底是谁？鼓励他人的最大受益者竟然是自己。
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@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
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这就是孙犁先生自己总结自己遵守的**验收标准**，用来衡量自己的文字是否满意。这种系统完善的验收标准，不一定只在最后起作用，深信并熟练到一定程度，它就会时时刻刻起作用。任何时候发现自己正在写的是坏的语言，就一定会挣扎着改掉，想尽一切办法创造好的语言。
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在我们的语音塑造训练中，每个音素都可能有不止一条验收标准，比如，`t` 这个**音素**的发音就有很多验收标准：
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在我们的语音塑造训练中，每个音素都可能有不止一条验收标准，比如，<span class="pho">t</span> 这个**音素**的发音就有很多验收标准：
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> * 发声时舌尖的起始位置对不对？（[2.2.4](/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz)）
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> * 它是不是产生了声门停顿？（[2.2.5.1](/sounds-of-english/17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)、[2.2.5.2](/sounds-of-english/17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)）
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> * 它是不是应该被读成 `/tʃ/`？（[2.2.5.3](/sounds-of-english/17-td#_2-2-5-3-同化)）
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> * 它是不是应该被读成弹舌音 `/t̬/`？（[2.2.5.4](/sounds-of-english/17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）
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> * 它是不是应该被读成 `/d/`？（[2.2.7](/sounds-of-english/19-sptk)）
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> * 它是不是应该被读成 <span class="pho alt">tʃ</span>？（[2.2.5.3](/sounds-of-english/17-td#_2-2-5-3-同化)）
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> * 它是不是应该被读成弹舌音 <span class="pho alt">t̬</span>？（[2.2.5.4](/sounds-of-english/17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）
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> * 它是不是应该被读成 <span class="pho alt">d</span>？（[2.2.7](/sounds-of-english/19-sptk)）
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对整个自然语句，除了每个**音素**都有自己的验收标准之外，还有**韵律**和**节奏**上的判断标准：
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@@ -98,4 +98,3 @@
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[^*]: “**咒语**” 是和菜头对 *prompt* 这个词的精彩翻译。
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@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@
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无论练什么，对大脑来说，本质都是一样的，都是在大脑里用不完的神经元之间新建连接新建网络 —— 如果有可以回收循环利用的连接或网络当然更好。练得好，都一样，都说明通过短时间内足量重复新建了足够多足够强的新连接新网络。练不好或练得不够好，其实还都一样，只不过是没做到短时间内足量重复，或者没有把新建连接新建网络强化到近似连接近似网络无法与之竞争的地步 —— 仅此而已。
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到最后都一样，无论练什么，精通程度（*`m`*, *mastery*）都是且只能是往多少时间（*`t`*, *time*）里倾注了多少注意力（*`a`*, *attention*）的结果：
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到最后都一样，无论练什么，精通程度（*<span class="pho">m</span>*, *mastery*）都是且只能是往多少时间（*<span class="pho">t</span>*, *time*）里倾注了多少注意力（*<span class="pho">a</span>*, *attention*）的结果：
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> $m = ta$
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其中，时间（*`t`*）和注意力（*`a`*）都一样，都需要**量足够多**，且**密度足够大**。于是，理论上来讲，能做好一件事的人，用同样的 *`ta`* 完全可以同样把任何另外一件事情做到同样精通的程度。
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其中，时间（*<span class="pho">t</span>*）和注意力（*<span class="pho">a</span>*）都一样，都需要**量足够多**，且**密度足够大**。于是，理论上来讲，能做好一件事的人，用同样的 *<span class="pho">ta</span>* 完全可以同样把任何另外一件事情做到同样精通的程度。
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换言之，能踢足球踢到一定境界的人，用他曾经为此付出的 *`ta`*，即，往同样量足够多密度足够大的时间里倾注同样量足够多密度足够大的注意力，同样也能弹好钢琴，学好数学，或者说好另外一种语言。
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换言之，能踢足球踢到一定境界的人，用他曾经为此付出的 *<span class="pho">ta</span>*，即，往同样量足够多密度足够大的时间里倾注同样量足够多密度足够大的注意力，同样也能弹好钢琴，学好数学，或者说好另外一种语言。
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更常见的是，如果一个人在某件事上能做到高度精通，即，*`m`* 值非常高，那么他在新学新练另外一件事的时候，虽然依然需要往量足够多密度足够大的时间里倾注量足够多密度足够大的注意力，但，往往需要的 *`ta`* 要比第一次少。
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更常见的是，如果一个人在某件事上能做到高度精通，即，*<span class="pho">m</span>* 值非常高，那么他在新学新练另外一件事的时候，虽然依然需要往量足够多密度足够大的时间里倾注量足够多密度足够大的注意力，但，往往需要的 *<span class="pho">ta</span>* 要比第一次少。
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**大脑里没有孤岛**。所有的神经元都在同一个无垠的网络之中，每个连接每个局域网，都通过直接或者间接的方式相互连接。更为重要的是，任何技能拆解到一定程度程度之后，各个细节对应的连接或者网络，其实都可以被众多技能共享，不仅包括那些看起来像近的技能，也包括很多那些表面上看起来毫不关联的技能。
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@@ -72,4 +72,4 @@
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没有什么比建设自己的大脑皮层更令人痴迷的了吧？
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若是带着这样不可剥夺的兴趣，不依赖任何具象事物，也不受任何人影响的兴趣，无论计划简单还是复杂，都只能坚定执行，贯彻到底，容不得任何人或事阻挠 —— 为了自己的脑子。
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若是带着这样不可剥夺的兴趣，不依赖任何具象事物，也不受任何人影响的兴趣，无论计划简单还是复杂，都只能坚定执行，贯彻到底，容不得任何人或事阻挠 —— 为了自己的脑子。
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@@ -207,4 +207,3 @@ outline [2,3]
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@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@ The accuracy of phonemes has long been considered the most critical foundation,
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另外，这是一个**零基础教程**，所以，完全不用担心自己基础差。在教程里，我们从音素开始讲起，而音素，根据定义，就是自然语音的最基础内容 —— 实在不可能有什么比它更基础的了 —— 所以，在此之前不需要有任何预备知识。
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Moreover, this is a tutorial for beginners, meaning there's no need to worry if you feel that you lack the basics. We will start from phonemes, which, by definition, are the most fundamental elements of spoken language. There's nothing more basic than this, therefore, *there's no need for any prior knowledge to start this course*.
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Moreover, this is a tutorial for beginners, meaning there's no need to worry if you feel that you lack the basics. We will start from phonemes, which, by definition, are the most fundamental elements of spoken language. There's nothing more basic than this, therefore, *there's no need for any prior knowledge to start this course*.
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@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
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英文语音所谓的基础真的很少，打印出来也不过是几页纸的篇幅而已…… 实际上，任何语音的语音基础知识都同样少得惊人。
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The fundamentals of English pronunciation, in reality, are quite straightforward. Printed out, they would only take up a few pages. In fact, the basic knowledge of any language's pronunciation is astonishingly limited.
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The fundamentals of English pronunciation, in reality, are quite straightforward. Printed out, they would only take up a few pages. In fact, the basic knowledge of any language's pronunciation is astonishingly limited.
|
||||
@@ -10,38 +10,38 @@ Modern English is composed of *26* letters, each with both *uppercase* and *lowe
|
||||
|
||||
| Letter | Pronunciation | NATO Phonetic Alphabet |
|
||||
| --------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| **A** *a* | `/eɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Alpha* `/ˈælfə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **B** *b* | `/biː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Bravo* `/ˈbrɑːvoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **C** *c* | `/siː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Charlie* `/ˈtʃɑːrliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **D** *d* | `/diː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Delta* `/ˈdeltə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **E** *e* | `/iː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Echo* `/ˈekoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **F** *f* | `/ef/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Foxtrot* `/ˈfɔːkstrɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **G** *g* | `/dʒiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/g-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/g-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Golf* `/ɡɑːf/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Golf-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Golf-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **H** *h* | `/eɪtʃ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/h-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/h-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Hotel* `/hoʊˈtel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Hotel-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Hotel-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **I** *i* | `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *India* `/ˈɪndiə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **J** *j* | `/dʒeɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/j-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/j-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Juliet* `/ˈdʒuːliːˌet/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Juliet-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Juliet-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **K** *k* | `/keɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Kilo* `/ˈkiːloʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **L** *l* | `/el/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Lima* `/ˈliːmə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **M** *m* | `/em/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/m-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/m-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Mike* `/maɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Mike-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Mike-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **N** *n* | `/en/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *November* `/noʊˈvembər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **O** *o* | `/oʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Oscar* `/ˈɑːskɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **P** *p* | `/piː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/p-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/p-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Papa* `/pəˈpɑː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Papa-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Papa-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **Q** *q* | `/kjuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/q-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/q-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Quebec* `/kəˈbek/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Quebec-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Quebec-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **R** *r* | `/ɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Romeo* `/ˈroʊmiːˌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **S** *s* | `/es/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Sierra* `/siˈerə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **T** *t* | `/tiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Tango* `/ˈtæŋɡoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **U** *u* | `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Uniform* `/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **V** *v* | `/viː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Victor* `/ˈvɪktər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **W** *w* | `/ˈdʌbᵊljuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey* `/ˈwɪskiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **X** *x* | `/eks/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *X-ray* `/ˈeksreɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **Y** *y* | `/waɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Yankee* `/ˈjæŋkiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **Z** *z* | `/ziː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Zulu* `/ˈzuːluː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **A** *a* | <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Alpha* <span class="pho alt">ˈælfə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **B** *b* | <span class="pho alt">biː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/b-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/b-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Bravo* <span class="pho alt">ˈbrɑːvoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Bravo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Bravo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **C** *c* | <span class="pho alt">siː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/c-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/c-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Charlie* <span class="pho alt">ˈtʃɑːrliː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Charlie-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Charlie-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **D** *d* | <span class="pho alt">diː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/d-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/d-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Delta* <span class="pho alt">ˈdeltə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Delta-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Delta-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **E** *e* | <span class="pho alt">iː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/e-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/e-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Echo* <span class="pho alt">ˈekoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Echo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Echo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **F** *f* | <span class="pho alt">ef</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/f-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/f-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Foxtrot* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɔːkstrɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Foxtrot-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **G** *g* | <span class="pho alt">dʒiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/g-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/g-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Golf* <span class="pho alt">ɡɑːf</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Golf-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Golf-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **H** *h* | <span class="pho alt">eɪtʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/h-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/h-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Hotel* <span class="pho alt">hoʊˈtel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Hotel-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Hotel-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **I** *i* | <span class="pho alt">aɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/i-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/i-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *India* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪndiə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/India-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/India-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **J** *j* | <span class="pho alt">dʒeɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/j-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/j-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Juliet* <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒuːliːˌet</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Juliet-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Juliet-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **K** *k* | <span class="pho alt">keɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/k-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/k-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Kilo* <span class="pho alt">ˈkiːloʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Kilo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Kilo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **L** *l* | <span class="pho alt">el</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/l-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/l-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Lima* <span class="pho alt">ˈliːmə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Lima-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Lima-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **M** *m* | <span class="pho alt">em</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/m-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/m-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Mike* <span class="pho alt">maɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Mike-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Mike-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **N** *n* | <span class="pho alt">en</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/n-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/n-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *November* <span class="pho alt">noʊˈvembər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/November-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/November-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **O** *o* | <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/o-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/o-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Oscar* <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːskɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Oscar-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Oscar-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **P** *p* | <span class="pho alt">piː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/p-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/p-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Papa* <span class="pho alt">pəˈpɑː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Papa-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Papa-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **Q** *q* | <span class="pho alt">kjuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/q-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/q-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Quebec* <span class="pho alt">kəˈbek</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Quebec-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Quebec-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **R** *r* | <span class="pho alt">ɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/r-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/r-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Romeo* <span class="pho alt">ˈroʊmiːˌoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Romeo-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Romeo-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **S** *s* | <span class="pho alt">es</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/s-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/s-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Sierra* <span class="pho alt">siˈerə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Sierra-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Sierra-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **T** *t* | <span class="pho alt">tiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/t-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/t-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Tango* <span class="pho alt">ˈtæŋɡoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Tango-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Tango-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **U** *u* | <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/u-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/u-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Uniform* <span class="pho alt">ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Uniform-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uniform-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **V** *v* | <span class="pho alt">viː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/v-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/v-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Victor* <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪktər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Victor-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Victor-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **W** *w* | <span class="pho alt">ˈdʌbᵊljuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/w-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/w-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Whiskey* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪskiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Whiskey-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **X** *x* | <span class="pho alt">eks</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/x-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/x-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *X-ray* <span class="pho alt">ˈeksreɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/X-ray-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/X-ray-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **Y** *y* | <span class="pho alt">waɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/y-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/y-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Yankee* <span class="pho alt">ˈjæŋkiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Yankee-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Yankee-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **Z** *z* | <span class="pho alt">ziː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/z-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/z-us-jen.mp3"></span> | *Zulu* <span class="pho alt">ˈzuːluː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Zulu-us-guy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Zulu-us-jen.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 `/zed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/zed-uk.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
在英式英语中，*z* 被读作 <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/zed-uk.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In British, letter *z* is pronounced as `/zed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/zed-uk.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
In British, letter *z* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/zed-uk.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * 合成语音文件使用的是 OpenAI 的 TTS (Text-to-Speech) 和微软的 Edge's TTS。蓝色喇叭背景图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>是男性语音，红色背景喇叭图标<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>是女性语音。
|
||||
> * The synthesized audio files primarily utilizes OpenAI's TTS (Text-to-Speech) and Microsoft Edge's TTS. The blue background speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>represents a male voice, whereas the red background speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>signifies a female voice.
|
||||
> * The synthesized audio files primarily utilizes OpenAI's TTS (Text-to-Speech) and Microsoft Edge's TTS. The blue background speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Alpha-us-guy.mp3"></span>represents a male voice, whereas the red background speaker icon<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Alpha-us-jen.mp3"></span>signifies a female voice.
|
||||
@@ -24,68 +24,68 @@ Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncin
|
||||
|
||||
| Vowels | Examples |
|
||||
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| `ʌ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span> | c**u**p `/kʌp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɑː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**a**ther `/ˈfɑːðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `e` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**ea**d `/hed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `æ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hat_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**a**t `/hæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ə` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **a**bove `/əˈbʌv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɚ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> | moth**er** `/ˈmʌðɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɝː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span> | b**ir**d `/bɝːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sh**i**p `/ʃɪp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `i` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span> | happ**y** `/ˈhæpi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `iː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sh**ee**p `/ʃiːp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɔː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_horse_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**or**se `/hɔːrs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʊ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**oo**t `/fʊt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `u` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sit**u**ation `/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `uː` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_blue_2023feb.mp3"></span> | bl**ue** `/bluː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `eɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_002.mp3"></span> | d**ay** `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `aɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_eye_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **eye** `/aɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɔɪ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_boy_2023feb.mp3"></span> | b**oy** `/bɔɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `oʊ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_nose_2023feb.mp3"></span> | n**o**se `/noʊz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `aʊ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mouth_2023feb.mp3"></span> | m**ou**th `/maʊθ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ɪr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span> | ear `/ɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `er` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**air** `/her/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʊr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> | p**ure** `/pjʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `aɪr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fire_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**ire** `/faɪr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `aʊr` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hour_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **hour** `/aʊr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ʌ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span> | c**u**p <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**a**ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑːðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">e</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**ea**d <span class="pho alt">hed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">æ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hat_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**a**t <span class="pho alt">hæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **a**bove <span class="pho alt">əˈbʌv</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> | moth**er** <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span> | b**ir**d <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sh**i**p <span class="pho alt">ʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span> | happ**y** <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">iː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sh**ee**p <span class="pho alt">ʃiːp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɔː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_horse_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**or**se <span class="pho alt">hɔːrs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**oo**t <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">u</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sit**u**ation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">uː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_blue_2023feb.mp3"></span> | bl**ue** <span class="pho alt">bluː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">eɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_002.mp3"></span> | d**ay** <span class="pho alt">deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">aɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_eye_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **eye** <span class="pho alt">aɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_boy_2023feb.mp3"></span> | b**oy** <span class="pho alt">bɔɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_nose_2023feb.mp3"></span> | n**o**se <span class="pho alt">noʊz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">aʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mouth_2023feb.mp3"></span> | m**ou**th <span class="pho alt">maʊθ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span> | ear <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**air** <span class="pho alt">her</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> | p**ure** <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">aɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fire_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**ire** <span class="pho alt">faɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">aʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hour_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **hour** <span class="pho alt">aʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
|
||||
|
||||
| Consonants | Examples |
|
||||
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| `p` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **p**en `/pen/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `b` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **b**ook `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `t` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **t**own `/taʊn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `t̬` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cutting_2023feb.mp3"></span> | cu**tt**ing `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `d` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span> | **d**ay `/deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `k` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cat_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **c**at `/kæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `g` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_give_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **g**ive `/ɡɪv/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `f` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fish_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **f**ish `/fɪʃ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `v` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_very_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **v**ery `/ˈveri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `s` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **s**ay `/seɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `z` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **z**oo `/zuː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `θ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **th**ink `/θɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ð` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **th**is `/ðɪs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʃ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **sh**e `/ʃiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ʒ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_vision_2023feb.mp3"></span> | vi**si**on `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `h` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hand_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **h**and `/hænd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `tʃ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cheese_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **ch**eese `/tʃiːz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `dʒ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_jump_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **j**ump `/dʒʌmp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ts` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_treats_2023feb.mp3"></span> | trea**ts** `/triːts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `dz` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_friends_2023feb.mp3"></span> | frien**ds** `/frendz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `m` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **m**oon `/muːn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `n` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **n**ame `/neɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `ŋ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span> | si**ng** `/sɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `l` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_look_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **l**ook `/lʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `r` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_run_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **r**un `/rʌn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `w` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **w**e `/wiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| `j` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **y**es `/jes/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">p</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **p**en <span class="pho alt">pen</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">b</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **b**ook <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">t</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **t**own <span class="pho alt">taʊn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">t̬</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cutting_2023feb.mp3"></span> | cu**tt**ing <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">d</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span> | **d**ay <span class="pho alt">deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">k</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cat_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **c**at <span class="pho alt">kæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">g</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_give_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **g**ive <span class="pho alt">ɡɪv</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">f</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fish_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **f**ish <span class="pho alt">fɪʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">v</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_very_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **v**ery <span class="pho alt">ˈveri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">s</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **s**ay <span class="pho alt">seɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">z</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **z**oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">θ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **th**ink <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ð</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **th**is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **sh**e <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_vision_2023feb.mp3"></span> | vi**si**on <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">h</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hand_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **h**and <span class="pho alt">hænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">tʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cheese_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **ch**eese <span class="pho alt">tʃiːz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">dʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_jump_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **j**ump <span class="pho alt">dʒʌmp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_treats_2023feb.mp3"></span> | trea**ts** <span class="pho alt">triːts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">dz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_friends_2023feb.mp3"></span> | frien**ds** <span class="pho alt">frendz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">m</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **m**oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">n</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **n**ame <span class="pho alt">neɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">ŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span> | si**ng** <span class="pho alt">sɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">l</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_look_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **l**ook <span class="pho alt">lʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">r</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_run_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **r**un <span class="pho alt">rʌn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">w</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **w**e <span class="pho alt">wiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">j</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **y**es <span class="pho alt">jes</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
## 1.2.3. 重音符号（Stress symbols）
|
||||
|
||||
| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
|
||||
| ------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial `/ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.
|
||||
[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD.
|
||||
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ In reality, heavy regional accents can even stump native English speakers. Check
|
||||
|
||||
很多人在学英语的时候，对口音的选择异常纠结。其实大可不必，只要想想你最能最常听到的口音是什么就可以了 —— 显然，对绝大多数人来说，在这个视听媒体格外发达的时代，人们更常听到的可能是**美式英语**。
|
||||
|
||||
Many people find themselves particularly torn when deciding on an accent to adopt while learning English. However, it's not as big of a deal as it seems. Simply consider the accent you hear most frequently - it's clear that for the majority of people, in this age where audio and visual media are abundantly prevalent, the *American English* accent is perhaps the one most often heard.
|
||||
Many people find themselves particularly torn when deciding on an accent to adopt while learning English. However, it's not as big of a deal as it seems. Simply consider the accent you hear most frequently - it's clear that for the majority of people, in this age where audio and visual media are abundantly prevalent, the *American English* accent is perhaps the one most often heard.
|
||||
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ Here's an X-ray video showcasing the movement of a singer's articulators while p
|
||||
|
||||
When you think about it, speaking or singing is like oral gymnastics, but the real workout is for the neurons in your brain and the connections among them.
|
||||
|
||||
英文**元音发声**时最需要注意的发声器官是**嘴唇**，有两个元音（及其它们各自的长短版本）被称作 *rounded vowels*，`u` 和 `ɔ`，必须将嘴唇略微凸出并缩成一个小圆形。
|
||||
英文**元音发声**时最需要注意的发声器官是**嘴唇**，有两个元音（及其它们各自的长短版本）被称作 *rounded vowels*，<span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɔ</span>，必须将嘴唇略微凸出并缩成一个小圆形。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing English *vowels*, the most critical articulators to pay attention to is *lips*. There are two vowels, along with their long and short versions, known as *rounded vowels*, which are `u` and `ɔ`. For these, you must slightly protrude your lips and form them into a small circle.
|
||||
When pronouncing English *vowels*, the most critical articulators to pay attention to is *lips*. There are two vowels, along with their long and short versions, known as *rounded vowels*, which are <span class="pho">u</span> and <span class="pho">ɔ</span>. For these, you must slightly protrude your lips and form them into a small circle.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ The table below shows the relationship between the initial position of the tongu
|
||||
|
||||
| Positions of tongue tip | Consonants |
|
||||
| :---------------------: | :---------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| ① | `θ`, `ð` |
|
||||
| ② | `s`, `z` |
|
||||
| ③ | `t`, `d`, `l`, `ʃ`, `ʒ`, `tʃ`, `dʒ`, `tr`, `dr` |
|
||||
| ④ | `r` |
|
||||
| ① | <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> |
|
||||
| ② | <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">z</span> |
|
||||
| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
|
||||
| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHFx6O5x5Hw
|
||||
[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N5q85G3ydk
|
||||
[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N5q85G3ydk
|
||||
@@ -14,4 +14,4 @@ Firstly, almost every single phoneme morphs here and there within fluent speech.
|
||||
|
||||
更大的困难来自于我们的大脑机制。随着年龄的增加，大脑会过滤母语中用不到的声音，以便提高语音识别的效率 —— 也恰恰是这一点造成了绝大多数成年人学外语的最大障碍。有些声音我们听不到、听不清楚，有些声音听到了却无法分辨，有些声音被我们自己在不知不觉中替换成了另外的样子…… 应对方式只有一个，集中注意力反复听，反复练 —— **注意力集中才是真正的关键**。
|
||||
|
||||
An even greater challenge stems from how our brain functions over time: as we age, our minds begin filtering out unnecessary sounds not present in native tongues as noises to enhance linguistic efficiency - which happens also to be a major obstacle for most adults learning foreign languages as some sounds go unheard or indistinct while others get mistakenly replaced unconsciously... The only weapon at hand? Again, *repetition* - repeately listen and practice, with full *attention*, which is another indispensbile key.
|
||||
An even greater challenge stems from how our brain functions over time: as we age, our minds begin filtering out unnecessary sounds not present in native tongues as noises to enhance linguistic efficiency - which happens also to be a major obstacle for most adults learning foreign languages as some sounds go unheard or indistinct while others get mistakenly replaced unconsciously... The only weapon at hand? Again, *repetition* - repeately listen and practice, with full *attention*, which is another indispensbile key.
|
||||
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
|
||||
# 2.1. 元音（Vowels）
|
||||
|
||||
英文总计 6 个基础元音，分别是 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。剩下的十几个元音要么是它们略有变化的更长版本，即，长元音 —— `ɑː, æ, ɝː, i, iː, uː, ɔː`；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr`。
|
||||
英文总计 6 个基础元音，分别是 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ</span> —— 这 6 个短元音就好像是 “根” 一样。剩下的十几个元音要么是它们略有变化的更长版本，即，长元音 —— <span class="pho">ɑː, æ, ɝː, i, iː, uː, ɔː</span>；要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In English, there are 6 basic vowels: `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are `ɑː, æ, ɝː, i, iː, uː, ɔː`; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr`.
|
||||
In English, there are 6 basic vowels: <span class="pho">ʌ</span>, <span class="pho">e</span>, <span class="pho">ə</span>, <span class="pho">ɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ʊ</span>, and <span class="pho">ɒ</span>. Think of these 6 short vowels like the *roots* of a tree. The remaining more than a dozen vowels are either slightly modified, longer versions of these - the *long* vowels, which are <span class="pho">ɑː, æ, ɝː, i, iː, uː, ɔː</span>; or, they are combinations of these basic sounds, known as *diphthongs* - <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
> 在英式英语中，`er, ɪr, ʊr` 这 3 个双元音分别读作 `eə, ɪə, ʊə`。
|
||||
> 在英式英语中，<span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span> 这 3 个双元音分别读作 <span class="pho">eə, ɪə, ʊə</span>。
|
||||
>
|
||||
> In British English, the diphthongs `er, ɪr, ʊr`, which are pronounced respectively as `eər, ɪər, ʊər`, are annotated as `eə, ɪə, ʊə`.
|
||||
> In British English, the diphthongs <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>, which are pronounced respectively as <span class="pho">eər, ɪər, ʊər</span>, are annotated as <span class="pho">eə, ɪə, ʊə</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
元音的关键在于它们的**长短**。搞错元音的长短，一方面可能会造成错误或者理解困难。更为重要的是另外一方面 —— 会造成**节奏**（[2.5.4](2.5.4-pace)）混乱。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -16,6 +16,6 @@ The crux of vowels lies in their *duration*. If you mess up the length of vowels
|
||||
|
||||
Since diphthongs are composed of two basic vowels, their length is equivalent to that of long vowels. As a result, English syllables tend to be pronounced longer overall than in other languages, given that only 6 out of more than 20 vowels are short, while the remaining, more than double in quantity, are long. This is a rather noticeable difference, especially when compared to Asian languages, where vowels always have equal length, with no distinction between *long* and *short*.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，美式英语与英式英语有一个显著的不同。英式英语的元音只有长短之分，美式英语里，有些元音是半长元音，比如，`æ` 或者 `i`。
|
||||
另外，美式英语与英式英语有一个显著的不同。英式英语的元音只有长短之分，美式英语里，有些元音是半长元音，比如，<span class="pho">æ</span> 或者 <span class="pho">i</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
On the other hand, there's a notable difference between American and British English when it comes to vowel duration. In British English, vowels are either long or short. On the other hand, in American English, some vowels fall into a category of semi-long vowels, such as `æ` or `i`.
|
||||
On the other hand, there's a notable difference between American and British English when it comes to vowel duration. In British English, vowels are either long or short. On the other hand, in American English, some vowels fall into a category of semi-long vowels, such as <span class="pho">æ</span> or <span class="pho">i</span>.
|
||||
@@ -18,6 +18,6 @@ Here are the mouth shapes (or, lips positions) during enunciation of five basic
|
||||
|
||||
Certainly, besides the mouth, other articulators influencing vowel pronunciation include where tongue lies and what's happening with soft palate, forming a specific space that affects the resonance of airflow in the mouth. But thanks to universal linguistic attributes in humans, no one really struggles when it comes down to these basic vowels.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，英文的 `ə` 口型与 `e` 接近；而 `æ` 的口型比 `e` 的大一点、比 `ɑ` 的小一点。
|
||||
另外，英文的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 口型与 <span class="pho">e</span> 接近；而 <span class="pho">æ</span> 的口型比 <span class="pho">e</span> 的大一点、比 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 的小一点。
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, regarding English phonetics: the mouth shape for `ə` is similar to that for `ɪ`, whereas for `æ`, a slightly larger opening is formed than when saying `e`, but smaller one compared with pronouncing `ɑ`.
|
||||
Moreover, regarding English phonetics: the mouth shape for <span class="pho">ə</span> is similar to that for <span class="pho">ɪ</span>, whereas for <span class="pho">æ</span>, a slightly larger opening is formed than when saying <span class="pho">e</span>, but smaller one compared with pronouncing <span class="pho">ɑ</span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.10. `ɤ`
|
||||
# 2.1.10. <span class="pho">ɤ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
人类的语音在最底层是相通的 —— 最明显的例证就是所有的语言都一样，不仅都以元音为核心，并且，都有大致相同的基础元音音素，比如 `ɑ`、`i`、`ʊ`、`e`、`ɔ`…… 日文就恰好只有这五个母音。英文还另外有一个 `ə`；而韩文比英文还要多出一个 `ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>（韩文字符为 `ᅳ`） —— 这个音中文也有，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（`sī`）的韵母就是这个音。
|
||||
人类的语音在最底层是相通的 —— 最明显的例证就是所有的语言都一样，不仅都以元音为核心，并且，都有大致相同的基础元音音素，比如 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">i</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ɔ</span>…… 日文就恰好只有这五个母音。英文还另外有一个 <span class="pho">ə</span>；而韩文比英文还要多出一个 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>（韩文字符为 <span class="pho">ᅳ</span>） —— 这个音中文也有，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母就是这个音。
|
||||
|
||||
Human speech, at its core, is universal - the clearest example being that all languages share certain fundamental tenets. Every language places vowels at their heart and maintains a similar basic vowel phonemes such as `ɑ`, `i`, `ʊ`, `e`, `ɔ`, amongst others. Take Japanese for instance; it uses precisely these five vowels only. English includes one more: `ə`. Korean even outpaces English by adding another one —`ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> (represented in Hangul as `ᅳ`). Interestingly enough you can find this sound in Mandarin Chinese too — like in `sī` of "思念" `sīniàn`, meaning to miss or remember.
|
||||
Human speech, at its core, is universal - the clearest example being that all languages share certain fundamental tenets. Every language places vowels at their heart and maintains a similar basic vowel phonemes such as <span class="pho">ɑ</span>, <span class="pho">i</span>, <span class="pho">ʊ</span>, <span class="pho">e</span>, <span class="pho">ɔ</span>, amongst others. Take Japanese for instance; it uses precisely these five vowels only. English includes one more: <span class="pho">ə</span>. Korean even outpaces English by adding another one —<span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> (represented in Hangul as <span class="pho">ᅳ</span>). Interestingly enough you can find this sound in Mandarin Chinese too — like in <span class="pho">sī</span> of "思念" <span class="pho">sīniàn</span>, meaning to miss or remember.
|
||||
|
||||
虽然英文的音标列表里并没有收录 `ɤ` 这个音，可实际上，你试试就知道了：`d` 被读作 `dɤ`，`g` 被读作 `gɤ` —— 其中的 `ɤ` 很轻很短；同样，`t` 实际上被读作 `tɤ`，`k` 被读作 `kɤ` —— 其中的 `ɤ` 没有气流振动。
|
||||
虽然英文的音标列表里并没有收录 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 这个音，可实际上，你试试就知道了：<span class="pho">d</span> 被读作 <span class="pho">dɤ</span>，<span class="pho">g</span> 被读作 <span class="pho">gɤ</span> —— 其中的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 很轻很短；同样，<span class="pho">t</span> 实际上被读作 <span class="pho">tɤ</span>，<span class="pho">k</span> 被读作 <span class="pho">kɤ</span> —— 其中的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 没有气流振动。
|
||||
|
||||
Even though the phonetic symbol `ɤ` isn't included in English phonetic chart, you'll notice something interesting if you try it out: the letter `d` is actually pronounced as `dɤ`, and `g` is pronounced as `gɤ`. Here, the `ɤ` sound is very light and brief. Similarly, `t` is actually pronounced as `tɤ`, and `k` is pronounced as `kɤ`, with the `ɤ` not involving any airflow vibration.
|
||||
Even though the phonetic symbol <span class="pho">ɤ</span> isn't included in English phonetic chart, you'll notice something interesting if you try it out: the letter <span class="pho">d</span> is actually pronounced as <span class="pho">dɤ</span>, and <span class="pho">g</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">gɤ</span>. Here, the <span class="pho">ɤ</span> sound is very light and brief. Similarly, <span class="pho">t</span> is actually pronounced as <span class="pho">tɤ</span>, and <span class="pho">k</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">kɤ</span>, with the <span class="pho">ɤ</span> not involving any airflow vibration.
|
||||
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ Here's a 3D illustration showcasing the activity of articulators when pronouncin
|
||||
|
||||
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/3d-presentation.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是，练习美式发音的时候，只有一种情况需要我们主动控制舍身位置并专门练习 —— `ə` 的儿化音（`ɚ` 和 `ɝː`），参见 [2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)。
|
||||
幸运的是，练习美式发音的时候，只有一种情况需要我们主动控制舍身位置并专门练习 —— <span class="pho">ə</span> 的儿化音（<span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>），参见 [2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)。
|
||||
|
||||
Fortunately, when practicing American pronunciation, there's only one situation where we need to actively control and practice the position of the vocal cords - the r-colored vowel sound in `ə` (represented as `ɚ` and `ɝː`). Please refer to section [2.1.5](2.1.5-ə) for more information.
|
||||
Fortunately, when practicing American pronunciation, there's only one situation where we need to actively control and practice the position of the vocal cords - the r-colored vowel sound in <span class="pho">ə</span> (represented as <span class="pho">ɚ</span> and <span class="pho">ɝː</span>). Please refer to section [2.1.5](2.1.5-ə) for more information.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Figure adapted from *FUNDAMENTALS OF PHONETICS: a practical guide for students* 5th Edition, by Larry H. Small, 2019. Page 55
|
||||
[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwk07QM4rc
|
||||
[^2]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYwk07QM4rc
|
||||
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.3. `ʌ/ɑː/aːr`
|
||||
# 2.1.3. <span class="pho">ʌ/ɑː/aːr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
从唇形上来看，`ʌ` 的唇形最小，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的唇形最大。
|
||||
从唇形上来看，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 的唇形最小，<span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 的唇形最大。
|
||||
|
||||
In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound `ʌ` requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound `ɑːr` requires the lips to be the most open.
|
||||
In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound <span class="pho">ʌ</span> requires the lips to be the most closed, while the vowel sound <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> requires the lips to be the most open.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
美音的 `ʌ` 实际上非常接近于英音的 `ə`，比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>听起来更接近于 `/bət/`。
|
||||
美音的 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 实际上非常接近于英音的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>听起来更接近于 <span class="pho alt">bət</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The American pronunciation of `ʌ` is actually quite similar to `ə`. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced `/bʌt/`, often sounds more like `/bət/`.
|
||||
The American pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʌ</span> is actually quite similar to <span class="pho">ə</span>. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span>, often sounds more like <span class="pho alt">bət</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 `ə` —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 `/ɪnˈkɝːədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 `ʌ` 读成 `ɝː`（长元音），还要将 `ɪ` 变成 *schwa*, `ə`……
|
||||
美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 <span class="pho">ə</span> —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>（长元音），还要将 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 变成 *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to `ə`, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say `/ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as `/ɪnˈkɝːədʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is `ʌ` pronounced as `ə`, but the `ɪ` also turns into a *schwa*, `ə`...
|
||||
They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is <span class="pho">ʌ</span> pronounced as <span class="pho">ə</span>, but the <span class="pho">ɪ</span> also turns into a *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>...
|
||||
|
||||
在美式英语中，长元音 `/ɑː/` 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 `r`，所以很多美式词典干脆用 `ɑr` 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* `/mɑːrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
在美式英语中，长元音 <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span> 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 <span class="pho">r</span>，所以很多美式词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The long vowel `/ɑː/` is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a `r` sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing `ɑː` with `ɑr`, including CEPD. For example, *card* is pronounced as `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as `/mɑːrk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
The long vowel <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span> is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a <span class="pho">r</span> sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing <span class="pho">ɑː</span> with <span class="pho">ɑr</span>, including CEPD. For example, *card* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
在英音中，长元音 `ɑː` 对应的短元音是 `ʌ`。但，在美音中，长元音 `ɑːr` 对应的更短版本是 `ɑː` —— 不要被这个长元音符号迷惑了，它实际上对应的是英音中的短元音 `ɒ`，只不过相对略长一些。比如，*hot*, 英音是 `/hɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
在英音中，长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 对应的短元音是 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>。但，在美音中，长元音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 对应的更短版本是 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> —— 不要被这个长元音符号迷惑了，它实际上对应的是英音中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>，只不过相对略长一些。比如，*hot*, 英音是 <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel `ɑː` is `ʌ`. However, in American English, the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel `ɑr` is `ɑː`, which is actually similar to the British short vowel `ɒ`, yet a little bit longer - don't be misled by the long vowel sign `ː` following `ɑ`. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced `/hɒt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>in British English and `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>in American English.
|
||||
In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is <span class="pho">ʌ</span>. However, in American English, the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel <span class="pho">ɑr</span> is <span class="pho">ɑː</span>, which is actually similar to the British short vowel <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, yet a little bit longer - don't be misled by the long vowel sign <span class="pho">ː</span> following <span class="pho">ɑ</span>. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>in British English and <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>in American English.
|
||||
|
||||
英音中的 `ɑː` 在美式英语中读作 `æ`，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 `/ɑːsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 `/æsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In American English, the British `ɑː` sound is pronounced as `æ`. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as `/ɑːsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/æsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
In American English, the British <span class="pho">ɑː</span> sound is pronounced as <span class="pho">æ</span>. The most common example is the word *ask*. In British English, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
总结一下，这也是美音比较特殊的地方：
|
||||
|
||||
> `ʌ` 相当于有三个版本 —— 短元音 `ʌ`（*but* `/bʌt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>），半长元音 `ɑː`（*hot* `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>）和儿化的长元音 `ɑːr`（*card* `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>）。
|
||||
> <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 相当于有三个版本 —— 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>（*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>），半长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>（*hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>）和儿化的长元音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span>（*card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>）。
|
||||
|
||||
To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English:
|
||||
|
||||
> The sound `ʌ` actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel `ʌ` as in *but* `/bʌt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>, the semi-long vowel `ɑː` as in *hot* `/hɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɑːr` as in *card* `/kɑːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> The sound <span class="pho">ʌ</span> actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel <span class="pho">ʌ</span> as in *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>, the semi-long vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> as in *hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, and the rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> as in *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.4. `e`/`æ`
|
||||
# 2.1.4. <span class="pho">e</span>/<span class="pho">æ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
有些词典，针对美式发音，常常会用 `ɛ` 标注 `e` 这个音[^1]。
|
||||
有些词典，针对美式发音，常常会用 <span class="pho">ɛ</span> 标注 <span class="pho">e</span> 这个音[^1]。
|
||||
|
||||
Some dictionaries often use `ɛ` to annotate the American English sound of `e`.
|
||||
Some dictionaries often use <span class="pho">ɛ</span> to annotate the American English sound of <span class="pho">e</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
`æ` 相当于是 `e` 的更长版本。虽然 `æ` 后面没有长元音符号 `ː`，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，算作**半长元音**。
|
||||
<span class="pho">æ</span> 相当于是 <span class="pho">e</span> 的更长版本。虽然 <span class="pho">æ</span> 后面没有长元音符号 <span class="pho">ː</span>，但它的确比其它短元音**长**，算作**半长元音**。
|
||||
|
||||
`æ` can be deemed as a more extended version of `e`. Even though there's no long vowel symbol `ː` following `æ`, it is *longer* than other short vowels, and is a *semi-long vowel*.
|
||||
<span class="pho">æ</span> can be deemed as a more extended version of <span class="pho">e</span>. Even though there's no long vowel symbol <span class="pho">ː</span> following <span class="pho">æ</span>, it is *longer* than other short vowels, and is a *semi-long vowel*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@ Some dictionaries often use `ɛ` to annotate the American English sound of `e`.
|
||||
|
||||
When Asians try to pronounce this sound, once reminded, they can usually open their mouths a bit wider, but they often unconsciously make the sound shorter than it should be.
|
||||
|
||||
`æ` 的发音有两个要点:
|
||||
<span class="pho">æ</span> 的发音有两个要点:
|
||||
|
||||
> 1. 音拉长一点
|
||||
> 2. 嘴张大一点
|
||||
|
||||
There are two key points to pronouncing `æ`:
|
||||
There are two key points to pronouncing <span class="pho">æ</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> 1. Stretch the sound a little longer
|
||||
> 2. Open your mouth wider
|
||||
|
||||
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `/ˈæpəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3"></span>，*banana* `/bəˈnænə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。
|
||||
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæpəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/apple-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/apple-us-female.mp3"></span>，*banana* <span class="pho alt">bəˈnænə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/banana-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/banana-us-female.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 <span class="pho">æ</span> 拉得更长一点。
|
||||
|
||||
The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* `/ˈæpəl/` and *banana* `/bəˈnænə/`, and try intentionally stretching the `æ` a little longer.
|
||||
The first point is relatively more important. Try saying these two words: *apple* <span class="pho alt">ˈæpəl</span> and *banana* <span class="pho alt">bəˈnænə</span>, and try intentionally stretching the <span class="pho">æ</span> a little longer.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: In IPA, `e`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> is actually pronounced more like `eɪ`, a front, closed, unrounded vowel, while `e` in CEPD is equivalent to `ɛ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> in IPA, a front, open-mid, unrounded vowel.
|
||||
[^1]: In IPA, <span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> is actually pronounced more like <span class="pho">eɪ</span>, a front, closed, unrounded vowel, while <span class="pho">e</span> in CEPD is equivalent to <span class="pho">ɛ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> in IPA, a front, open-mid, unrounded vowel.
|
||||
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.5. `ə`/`ɚ`/`ɝː`
|
||||
# 2.1.5. <span class="pho">ə</span>/<span class="pho">ɚ</span>/<span class="pho">ɝː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ə` 在美式英语中有三个版本，非重读音节央元音 `ə`（schwa），儿化短元音 `ɚ` 和儿化长元音 `ɝː`。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ə</span> 在美式英语中有三个版本，非重读音节央元音 <span class="pho">ə</span>（schwa），儿化短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In American English, there are three versions of the sound `ə`, including the schwa `ə`, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel `ɚ`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɝː`.
|
||||
In American English, there are three versions of the sound <span class="pho">ə</span>, including the schwa <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel <span class="pho">ɚ</span>, and the rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">ɝː</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
Beginners tend to overdo it and add a <span class="pho">r</span> whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
`ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
|
||||
|
||||
The rhotacized `ɚ` and `ɝː` sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
|
||||
The rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> and <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
|
||||
|
||||
由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舍尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ The rhotacized `ɚ` and `ɝː` sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Mo
|
||||
|
||||
Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，辅音 `ʃ/ʒ`、`tʃ/dʒ` 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
|
||||
另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants `ʃ/ʒ` ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and `tʃ/dʒ` ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
|
||||
Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
|
||||
|
||||
值得注意的是，美式英语的 `ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。
|
||||
值得注意的是，美式英语的 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。
|
||||
|
||||
It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound.
|
||||
It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> or <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sound.
|
||||
|
||||
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span>（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">u</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">w</span>…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
|
||||
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - `u` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `u` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.
|
||||
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to <span class="pho">ə</span> (*schwa*), especially <span class="pho">ɪ</span>. For instance, *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>, is often actually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - <span class="pho">u</span> also becomes <span class="pho">ə</span>, and there's a added <span class="pho">w</span> sound between <span class="pho">u</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span>… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.
|
||||
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.6. `ɪ`/`i`/`iː`
|
||||
# 2.1.6. <span class="pho">ɪ</span>/<span class="pho">i</span>/<span class="pho">iː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ɪ` 并不是长元音 `iː` 的更短版本，它更像是 `e` 和 `i` 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 `eɪ`，从唇形上来看`ɪ` 更接近 `e` 。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 并不是长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的更短版本，它更像是 <span class="pho">e</span> 和 <span class="pho">i</span> 之间的一个音。听起来很像是更短版本的 <span class="pho">eɪ</span>，从唇形上来看<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更接近 <span class="pho">e</span> 。
|
||||
|
||||
The `ɪ` sound doesn't merely represent a shorter version of the long vowel `iː`. Instead, it seems to inhabit a space somewhere between `e` and `i`. It sounds more like a shorter rendition of `eɪ`, and visually speaking, the lip shape for `ɪ` is more akin to `e`.
|
||||
The <span class="pho">ɪ</span> sound doesn't merely represent a shorter version of the long vowel <span class="pho">iː</span>. Instead, it seems to inhabit a space somewhere between <span class="pho">e</span> and <span class="pho">i</span>. It sounds more like a shorter rendition of <span class="pho">eɪ</span>, and visually speaking, the lip shape for <span class="pho">ɪ</span> is more akin to <span class="pho">e</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间 —— 也就是说，`i` 是个半长元音。比如，*responsibility* `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 <span class="pho">iː</span> 这个长元音的更短版本，<span class="pho">i</span>，长度介于 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 和 <span class="pho">iː</span> 之间 —— 也就是说，<span class="pho">i</span> 是个半长元音。比如，*responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, this sound actually has a third variation. When `ɪ` appears at the end of words, it tends to sound more like a shortened version of the long vowel `iː` — `i`, with a length somewhere in between `ɪ` and `iː`, which means `i` is a *semi-long vowel*. For instance, in the word *responsibility `/rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
In addition, this sound actually has a third variation. When <span class="pho">ɪ</span> appears at the end of words, it tends to sound more like a shortened version of the long vowel <span class="pho">iː</span> — <span class="pho">i</span>, with a length somewhere in between <span class="pho">ɪ</span> and <span class="pho">iː</span>, which means <span class="pho">i</span> is a *semi-long vowel*. For instance, in the word *responsibility <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːn·səˈbɪl·ə·t̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.7. `ʊ/u/uː`
|
||||
# 2.1.7. <span class="pho">ʊ/u/uː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`u` 这个元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 `uː` 发声相对于短元音 `ʊ` 嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。请试着比较一下 *boot* `/buːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boot-us-female.mp3"></span>和 *book* `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
<span class="pho">u</span> 这个元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 <span class="pho">uː</span> 发声相对于短元音 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。请试着比较一下 *boot* <span class="pho alt">buːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boot-us-female.mp3"></span>和 *book* <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
This pair of vowels is used in virtually every language on Earth, and it's used in almost exactly the same way, making it easy for everyone to pronounce. There's one detail worth noting: in English, the long vowel `uː` requires a smaller mouth shape than the short vowel `ʊ`, and lips should protrude slightly more. Try to compare *boot* `/buːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boot-us-female.mp3"></span>and *book* `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
This pair of vowels is used in virtually every language on Earth, and it's used in almost exactly the same way, making it easy for everyone to pronounce. There's one detail worth noting: in English, the long vowel <span class="pho">uː</span> requires a smaller mouth shape than the short vowel <span class="pho">ʊ</span>, and lips should protrude slightly more. Try to compare *boot* <span class="pho alt">buːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boot-us-female.mp3"></span>and *book* <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，在 CEPD 中，这个音在非重音音节时被标注为 `u`，之前见到过的例子是 *situation* `/ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，在 CEPD 中，这个音在非重音音节时被标注为 <span class="pho">u</span>，之前见到过的例子是 *situation* <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.8. `ɑː/ɔː`
|
||||
# 2.1.8. <span class="pho">ɑː/ɔː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
这一对元音在发声的时候，嘴唇动作非常明显，要在嘴唇形成一个小的圆形之后才开始发音。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@ When pronouncing this pair of vowels, the lip movement is very noticeable. It's
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在 CEPD 里，美音 `ɑː` 实际上对应的是英音里的短元音 `ɒ`。在美音里，`ɑː` 可以被理解为是个半长元音。
|
||||
在 CEPD 里，美音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 实际上对应的是英音里的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>。在美音里，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 可以被理解为是个半长元音。
|
||||
|
||||
In the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD), the American English vowel sound `ɑː` actually corresponds with the short vowel sound `ɒ` in British English. In American English, `ɑː` can be thought of as a *semi-long* vowel.
|
||||
In the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD), the American English vowel sound <span class="pho">ɑː</span> actually corresponds with the short vowel sound <span class="pho">ɒ</span> in British English. In American English, <span class="pho">ɑː</span> can be thought of as a *semi-long* vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
与英音的 `ɒ` 相比，美音的 `ɑː` 会嘴巴张得更大一点，读得更长一点，听起来更像 `ɑ`，但口型略圆。比如，*dog*, 英音是 `/dɒg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, 美音却是 `/dɑːg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>；而 *God*, 英音是 `/gɒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音同样相对更长一点，`/gɑːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
与英音的 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 相比，美音的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 会嘴巴张得更大一点，读得更长一点，听起来更像 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>，但口型略圆。比如，*dog*, 英音是 <span class="pho alt">dɒg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, 美音却是 <span class="pho alt">dɑːg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>；而 *God*, 英音是 <span class="pho alt">gɒd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音同样相对更长一点，<span class="pho alt">gɑːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Compared to the British `ɒ`, the American `ɑː` is pronounced with a slightly more open mouth, held a bit longer, and sounds more like `ɑ`. However, the shape of the mouth is slightly rounded. For instance, for the word *dog*, in British English, it's pronounced as `/dɒg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as `/dɑːg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>. Similarly, for *God*, it's `/gɒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span> in British English, but in American English it's elongated to `/gɑːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
Compared to the British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, the American <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is pronounced with a slightly more open mouth, held a bit longer, and sounds more like <span class="pho">ɑ</span>. However, the shape of the mouth is slightly rounded. For instance, for the word *dog*, in British English, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɒg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dog-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/dog-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while in American English, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɑːg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>. Similarly, for *God*, it's <span class="pho alt">gɒd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/god-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/god-uk-female.mp3"></span> in British English, but in American English it's elongated to <span class="pho alt">gɑːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/god-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/god-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，在重读音节里，`ɔː` 可能会被美国人儿化，读成 `ɔːr` ，更像是双元音 `ɔər`。比如，*more* `/mɔːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，在重读音节里，<span class="pho">ɔː</span> 可能会被美国人儿化，读成 <span class="pho">ɔːr</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔər</span>。比如，*more* <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, in *stressed* syllables, `ɔː` might be rhotacized by Americans to sound like `ɔːr`, resembling the diphthong `ɔər`, for example, *more* `/mɔːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
Additionally, in *stressed* syllables, <span class="pho">ɔː</span> might be rhotacized by Americans to sound like <span class="pho">ɔːr</span>, resembling the diphthong <span class="pho">ɔər</span>, for example, *more* <span class="pho alt">mɔːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/more-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/more-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,35 +1,35 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.9. `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr`
|
||||
# 2.1.9. <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, er, ɪr, ʊr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
亚洲语系基本上都没有和英文一样**长度**的**双元音**。韩文日文的母音和中文的韵母虽然都有少数由两个基础音素构成的组合音，但，它们和英文的双元音不同的地方在于，它们都是和其它韵母或者母音**等长**的，而不是像英文双元音的长度那样几乎是短元音的**两倍**。
|
||||
|
||||
Essentially, Asian languages don't have *diphthongs* that are as *long* as those in English. Though Korean, Japanese, and Chinese vowels include a few compound sounds made of two basic vowel phonemes, they differ from English diphthongs. In these languages, the compound sounds are the *same length* as other vowels, not almost *double the length* like English diphthongs.
|
||||
|
||||
比如，当中国人说 “太累了”<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> 的时候，“太”（`tài`）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 `aɪ`；“累”（`lèi`）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 `eɪ`…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是相对更长。
|
||||
比如，当中国人说 “太累了”<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> 的时候，“太”（<span class="pho">tài</span>）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 <span class="pho">aɪ</span>；“累”（<span class="pho">lèi</span>）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 <span class="pho">eɪ</span>…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是相对更长。
|
||||
|
||||
For instance, when Chinese say *too tired* or "太累了"<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>, the syllable `tài` has a vowel sound that closely resembles the English diphthong `aɪ`, and the vowel in `lèi` mimics the English diphthong `eɪ`. Despite these similarities, they're not identical - English diphthongs tend to be *longer* in duration.
|
||||
For instance, when Chinese say *too tired* or "太累了"<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>, the syllable <span class="pho">tài</span> has a vowel sound that closely resembles the English diphthong <span class="pho">aɪ</span>, and the vowel in <span class="pho">lèi</span> mimics the English diphthong <span class="pho">eɪ</span>. Despite these similarities, they're not identical - English diphthongs tend to be *longer* in duration.
|
||||
|
||||
英文的双元音，都是两个元音的组合。它们都是从第一个元音**滑**向第二个元音，所以，它们从长度上来看，相当于是长元音；**节奏**在感觉上大抵是乐谱里的 “一拍里均放着三个等长音符的三连音”，前一个音素更长一些，后一个音素相对较短。
|
||||
|
||||
In English, diphthongs are a combination of two vowel sounds. They *glide* from the first vowel to the second, making them similar in length to long vowels. In terms of *rhythm*, you can think of them like a triplet in music, where three notes of equal length fit within one beat. The first sound tends to be slightly longer, while the second sound is a bit shorter.
|
||||
|
||||
读 `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ` 的时候，唇形分别从 `ɑ, e, ɔ` 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从起始元音到 `ɪ` 的过度。
|
||||
读 <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ</span> 的时候，唇形分别从 <span class="pho">ɑ, e, ɔ</span> 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从起始元音到 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 的过度。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing the sounds `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ`, begin with the mouth shapes for `ɑ, e, ɔ` respectively. Keep lips in the same position and use throat to glide from the initial vowel sound to `ɪ`.
|
||||
When pronouncing the sounds <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ</span>, begin with the mouth shapes for <span class="pho">ɑ, e, ɔ</span> respectively. Keep lips in the same position and use throat to glide from the initial vowel sound to <span class="pho">ɪ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
读 `er, ɪr, ʊr` 的时候，也一样，唇形分别从 `e, ɪ, ʊ` 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从起始元音到 `ɚ` 的过度。美音会儿化这个 `ə`，所以是 `eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ`，于是干脆写成 `er, ɪr, ʊr`。
|
||||
读 <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span> 的时候，也一样，唇形分别从 <span class="pho">e, ɪ, ʊ</span> 开始，唇形保持不变，用喉咙完成从起始元音到 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 的过度。美音会儿化这个 <span class="pho">ə</span>，所以是 <span class="pho">eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ</span>，于是干脆写成 <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing `er, ɪr, ʊr`, it's the same process. Start with the mouth shapes for `e, ɪ, ʊ`, keep lips steady, and use your throat to glide from the initial vowel to rhotacized `ɚ`, so it becomes `eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ`, which are written as `er, ɪr, ʊr`.
|
||||
When pronouncing <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>, it's the same process. Start with the mouth shapes for <span class="pho">e, ɪ, ʊ</span>, keep lips steady, and use your throat to glide from the initial vowel to rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span>, so it becomes <span class="pho">eɚ, ɪɚ, ʊɚ</span>, which are written as <span class="pho">er, ɪr, ʊr</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
读 `aʊ, oʊ` 的时候，唇形有变化，要分别从 `ɑ, ə` 开始，而后过度到 `ʊ`。
|
||||
读 <span class="pho">aʊ, oʊ</span> 的时候，唇形有变化，要分别从 <span class="pho">ɑ, ə</span> 开始，而后过度到 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing the sounds `aʊ, oʊ`, mouth shape should *change*. Start with the sounds `ɑ, ə` respectively, then glide towards the `ʊ` sound.
|
||||
When pronouncing the sounds <span class="pho">aʊ, oʊ</span>, mouth shape should *change*. Start with the sounds <span class="pho">ɑ, ə</span> respectively, then glide towards the <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound.
|
||||
|
||||
在读它们的时候，重要的是，要把它们读得**足够长** —— 几乎要占用两个元音的发声时长，并且足够饱满。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing them, it's crucial to draw out the sounds - because they're taking the duration of two vowels - and make sure they are full and rich.
|
||||
When pronouncing them, it's crucial to draw out the sounds - because they're taking the duration of two vowels - and make sure they are full and rich.
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
# 2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
|
||||
|
||||
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`，或者 *Uh-Oh* `/ˈʌoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
|
||||
地球上的所有语言都一样，在自然语流中，**辅音**不会单独存在。单独的**元音**，可以构成**音节**，也可以构成或者表达意义。比如，*ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span>，或者 *Uh-Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>。但，绝大多数**辅音**必须依附于**元音**才能构成**音节**，并且，单独的辅音也不能构成意义。
|
||||
|
||||
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* `/ɑː/`, *oh* `/oʊ/`, or *O'Oh* `/ˈɑoʊ/`. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
|
||||
All languages on Earth follow a similar pattern: in the flow of natural speech, consonants *never* stand alone. Isolated vowels, however, can form syllables and convey meaning. For instance, you have sounds like *ah* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span>, *oh* <span class="pho alt">oʊ</span>, or *O'Oh* <span class="pho alt">ˈɑoʊ</span>. But consonants almost always need to be attached to vowels to form *syllables*, and alone, they don't carry meaning.
|
||||
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.1. 辅音分类（Categorization of Consonants）
|
||||
|
||||
辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，`s` 是清辅音，`z` 是浊辅音。
|
||||
辅音可以根据发声时**声带**是否震动被分为清辅音（voiceless consonants）与浊辅音（voiced consonants）。清辅音只有气流震动，没有声带振动，而浊辅音的气流震动却伴有声带振动。比如，<span class="pho">s</span> 是清辅音，<span class="pho">z</span> 是浊辅音。
|
||||
|
||||
Consonants can be classified into two categories based on whether or not the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is produced. These two categories are voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. Voiceless consonants are produced solely by the vibration of air flow, without the involvement of the vocal cords. Voiced consonants, on the other hand, are produced by the vibration of both the air flow and the vocal cords. For instance, `s` is a voiceless consonant, while `z` is a voiced consonant.
|
||||
Consonants can be classified into two categories based on whether or not the vocal cords vibrate when the sound is produced. These two categories are voiceless consonants and voiced consonants. Voiceless consonants are produced solely by the vibration of air flow, without the involvement of the vocal cords. Voiced consonants, on the other hand, are produced by the vibration of both the air flow and the vocal cords. For instance, <span class="pho">s</span> is a voiceless consonant, while <span class="pho">z</span> is a voiced consonant.
|
||||
|
||||
| | consonants |
|
||||
| --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k`, `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h`, `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
|
||||
| voiced | `b`, `d`, `g`, `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ`, `r`, `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz`, `m`, `n`, `ŋ`, `l` |
|
||||
| voiceless | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
|
||||
| voiced | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span>, <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>, <span class="pho">l</span> |
|
||||
|
||||
`w` 和 `y` 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">y</span> 这两个辅音被称为**半元音** —— 无法用声带振动与否分类。
|
||||
|
||||
The consonants `w` and `y` are referred to as *semi-vowels* - they can't be categorized based on whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
|
||||
The consonants <span class="pho">w</span> and <span class="pho">y</span> are referred to as *semi-vowels* - they can't be categorized based on whether the vocal cords vibrate or not.
|
||||
|
||||
辅音的另外一个划分，是根据**气流**振动的方式和位置。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -19,16 +19,16 @@ Another way to categorize consonants is based on the method and location of airf
|
||||
|
||||
| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
|
||||
| --------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
|
||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | `p`, `t`, `k` |
|
||||
| | Voiced | `b`, `d`, `g` |
|
||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | `f`, `s`, `θ`, `ʃ`, `h` |
|
||||
| | Voiced | `v`, `z`, `ð`, `ʒ` |
|
||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ`, `tr`, `ts` |
|
||||
| | Voiced | `dʒ`, `dr`, `dz` |
|
||||
| Nasal | Voiced | `m`, `n`, `ŋ` |
|
||||
| Lateral | Voiced | `l`, `r` |
|
||||
| Semivowel | | `j`, `w` |
|
||||
| Plosive | Voiceless | <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span> |
|
||||
| | Voiced | <span class="pho">b</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">g</span> |
|
||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">h</span> |
|
||||
| | Voiced | <span class="pho">v</span>, <span class="pho">z</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span> |
|
||||
| Affricate | Voiceless | <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">ts</span> |
|
||||
| | Voiced | <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span>, <span class="pho">dz</span> |
|
||||
| Nasal | Voiced | <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span> |
|
||||
| Lateral | Voiced | <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span> |
|
||||
| Semivowel | | <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span> |
|
||||
|
||||
作为初学者，**你无需尝试记忆这些分类和术语** —— 除非将来你有多余的时间精力。这些语言学的概念，并不构成任何学习障碍。你需要了解的只不过是分类的**依据**：**声带振动与否**，以及**气流振动方式和位置**。
|
||||
|
||||
As a beginner, **there's no need for you to try and memorize these categories, and terms** — unless you find some extra time and energy in the future. These linguistic concepts won't pose any learning obstacles. What you need to understand are the *criteria* used for classifications: *whether the vocal cords vibrate or not*, as well as *the method and location of airflow vibration*.
|
||||
As a beginner, **there's no need for you to try and memorize these categories, and terms** — unless you find some extra time and energy in the future. These linguistic concepts won't pose any learning obstacles. What you need to understand are the *criteria* used for classifications: *whether the vocal cords vibrate or not*, as well as *the method and location of airflow vibration*.
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.10. `tʃ/dʒ`
|
||||
# 2.2.10. <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ʃ/ʒ` 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，`tʃ/dʒ` 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊，和 `t/d` 一样；但，无论是 `ʃ/ʒ` 还是 `tʃ/dʒ` 发声时舌背都抬得较高，舍尾抵到后牙。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样；但，无论是 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还是 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 发声时舌背都抬得较高，舍尾抵到后牙。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing `ʃ/ʒ`, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not touching, the alveolar ridge. For `tʃ/dʒ`, however, you need to touch the alveolar ridge with your tongue tip, same as when pronouncing `t/d`. However, when pronouncing either the sounds `ʃ/ʒ` or `tʃ/dʒ`, the tongue roof should arch higher in the mouth, with the back of it touching back teeth.
|
||||
When pronouncing <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not touching, the alveolar ridge. For <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>, however, you need to touch the alveolar ridge with your tongue tip, same as when pronouncing <span class="pho">t/d</span>. However, when pronouncing either the sounds <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> or <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>, the tongue roof should arch higher in the mouth, with the back of it touching back teeth.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ When pronouncing `ʃ/ʒ`, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not tou
|
||||
|
||||
To get your tongue used to this position, it's a good idea to practice repeatedly:
|
||||
|
||||
> * `ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ...`
|
||||
> * `ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ...`
|
||||
> * `ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ...`
|
||||
> * `tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ...`
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ...</span>
|
||||
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.11. `tr/dr`
|
||||
# 2.2.11. <span class="pho">tr/dr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`tr/dr` 和 `tʃ/dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，*tree* `/triː`/ 听起来是 `/tʃwiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/tree-uk.mp3"></span>，*dry* `/draɪ/` 听起来是 `/dʒwaɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dry-uk.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
<span class="pho">tr/dr</span> 和 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，<span class="pho">tr, dr</span> 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 <span class="pho">w</span>，*tree* <span class="pho">/triː</span>/ 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/tree-uk.mp3"></span>，*dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dry-uk.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The difference between the sounds `tr, dr` and `tʃ, dʒ` lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with `tr, dr`, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a `w` blended in. So, the word *tree* `/triː/` can sound like `/tʃwiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/tree-uk.mp3"></span>, and *dry* `/draɪ/` can sound like `/dʒwaɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dry-uk.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
The difference between the sounds <span class="pho">tr, dr</span> and <span class="pho">tʃ, dʒ</span> lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with <span class="pho">tr, dr</span>, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a <span class="pho">w</span> blended in. So, the word *tree* <span class="pho alt">triː</span> can sound like <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/tree-uk.mp3"></span>, and *dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> can sound like <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/dry-uk.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 `tr` 和 `dr` 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/tɤ.riː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 `t` 干脆读成 `d`，并且 `r` 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/dɤ.raɪvə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span> 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 干脆读成 <span class="pho">d</span>，并且 <span class="pho">r</span> 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
|
||||
People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce `tr` and `dr` as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as `/tɤ.riː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>, with the `t` articulated as `d`, and the `r` as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as `/dɤ.raɪvə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span> by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the `r`.
|
||||
People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce <span class="pho">tr</span> and <span class="pho">dr</span> as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>, with the <span class="pho">t</span> articulated as <span class="pho">d</span>, and the <span class="pho">r</span> as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span> by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the <span class="pho">r</span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.12. `ts/dz`
|
||||
# 2.2.12. <span class="pho">ts/dz</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ts/dz` 和 `s/z` 不一样的地方在于发声时起始的舌尖位置，`s/z` 起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，`ts/dz` 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 `t/d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 和 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 不一样的地方在于发声时起始的舌尖位置，<span class="pho">s/z</span> 起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。
|
||||
|
||||
The difference between `ts/dz` and `s/z` lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For `s/z`, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for `ts/dz`, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing `t/d`. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*.
|
||||
The difference between <span class="pho">ts/dz</span> and <span class="pho">s/z</span> lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for <span class="pho">ts/dz</span>, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing <span class="pho">t/d</span>. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词反复体会 `s`、`d`、`ts` 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 `st` 会被读成 `sd`）……
|
||||
可以用 *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词反复体会 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">d</span>、<span class="pho">ts</span> 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 <span class="pho">st</span> 会被读成 <span class="pho">sd</span>）……
|
||||
|
||||
The word *students* `/ˈstudənts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for `s`, `d`, and `ts` (note that the initial `st` is pronounced like `sd`).
|
||||
The word *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, and <span class="pho">ts</span> (note that the initial <span class="pho">st</span> is pronounced like <span class="pho">sd</span>).
|
||||
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.13. `m`, `n`, `ŋ`
|
||||
# 2.2.13. <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`m` 和 `n` 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 `m`…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，`ɑ` 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 `mɑ` 称呼自己的母亲。
|
||||
<span class="pho">m</span> 和 <span class="pho">n</span> 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 <span class="pho">m</span>…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 <span class="pho">mɑ</span> 称呼自己的母亲。
|
||||
|
||||
When `m` and `n` are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially `m`, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, `ɑ` is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why `mɑ` is a universal sound for *mother*.
|
||||
When <span class="pho">m</span> and <span class="pho">n</span> are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially <span class="pho">m</span>, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, <span class="pho">ɑ</span> is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why <span class="pho">mɑ</span> is a universal sound for *mother*.
|
||||
|
||||
`ŋ` 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 `ɪŋ` 而已……
|
||||
<span class="pho">ŋ</span> 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 而已……
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce `ŋ` after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that `ɪŋ` is the most commonly used sounds in English.
|
||||
Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce <span class="pho">ŋ</span> after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> is the most commonly used sounds in English.
|
||||
|
||||
麻烦在于 `m` 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 `ʊ` 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* `/ruːm/` 读成 `/ruːmʊ/`。
|
||||
麻烦在于 <span class="pho">m</span> 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The tricky part comes when `m` is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra `ʊ` sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as `/ruːmʊ/`, instead of `/ruːm/`.
|
||||
The tricky part comes when <span class="pho">m</span> is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>, instead of <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
当 `m/n` 处于 `f/v` 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 `f/v` 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
|
||||
当 <span class="pho">m/n</span> 处于 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
|
||||
|
||||
When `m/n` precedes `f/v`, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of `f/v` requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
|
||||
When <span class="pho">m/n</span> precedes <span class="pho">f/v</span>, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of <span class="pho">f/v</span> requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
|
||||
|
||||
> * `m + f/v` = `n + f/v`, *comfort* `/ˈkəmfərt/` → `/ˈkənfərt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `n + f/v` = `ŋ + f/v`, *conversation* `/ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən/` → `/ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">m + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">n + f/v</span>, *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkəmfərt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈkənfərt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">n + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">ŋ + f/v</span>, *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
另外，当 `æ` 在 `m` 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 `ə` 进去，比如，Sam `/sæm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 `/sæəm/`。
|
||||
另外，当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ə</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæəm</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, when the vowel sound `æ` comes before `m`, some native speakers add an extra `ə` sound. For example, *Sam* `/sæm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sam-us-female.mp3"></span> can sometimes be pronounced as `/sæəm/`.
|
||||
Additionally, when the vowel sound <span class="pho">æ</span> comes before <span class="pho">m</span>, some native speakers add an extra <span class="pho">ə</span> sound. For example, *Sam* <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sam-us-female.mp3"></span> can sometimes be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">sæəm</span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,64 +1,64 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.14. `l`, `r`
|
||||
# 2.2.14. <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 `t/d` 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
`r` 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
<span class="pho">r</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
|
||||
For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 和 `r` 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* `/lɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *rot* `/rɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 和 <span class="pho">r</span> 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* <span class="pho alt">lɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *rot* <span class="pho alt">rɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouncing `l` and `r` at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' `/lɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> or *rot* `/rɑːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>…
|
||||
Pronouncing <span class="pho">l</span> and <span class="pho">r</span> at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' <span class="pho alt">lɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> or *rot* <span class="pho alt">rɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>…
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
The difficulty with `l` often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
|
||||
The difficulty with <span class="pho">l</span> often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
|
||||
|
||||
不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* `/mɪlk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/milk-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 `/mjʊk/`……
|
||||
不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/milk-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 <span class="pho alt">mjʊk</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to give the word *milk* `/mɪlk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like `/mjʊk/`...
|
||||
Feel free to give the word *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/students-us-female.mp3"></span> a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like <span class="pho alt">mjʊk</span>...
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 `l` 会掺杂着一个轻微的 `ə` 的元音音色。
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 会掺杂着一个轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的元音音色。
|
||||
|
||||
There's a hidden motion when the `l` is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the *alveolar ridge*. Therefore, the `l` at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound `ə` mixed in.
|
||||
There's a hidden motion when the <span class="pho">l</span> is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the *alveolar ridge*. Therefore, the <span class="pho">l</span> at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound <span class="pho">ə</span> mixed in.
|
||||
|
||||
说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
|
||||
|
||||
> * 先反复说 `ə... əl... ə... əl...` 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 `ʊ` 的音色**；从 `ə` 到 `l` 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
|
||||
> * Start by repeating `ə... əl... ə... əl...` Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of `ʊ` caused by lip changes. During the transition from `ə` to `əl`, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
|
||||
> * 接着直接反复说 `əl... əl...`
|
||||
> * Next, repeating `əl... əl...`
|
||||
> * 再反复说 `əlk... əlk...`
|
||||
> * Follow with repeating `əlk... əlk...`
|
||||
> * 现在反复说 `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...` 现在需要格外注意：为了 `m` 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 `ʊ` 的音色**……
|
||||
> * Now, keep saying `mɪəlk... mɪəlk...`. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the `m` sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary `ʊ` sound.
|
||||
> * 先反复说 <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**；从 <span class="pho">ə</span> 到 <span class="pho">l</span> 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
|
||||
> * Start by repeating <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of <span class="pho">ʊ</span> caused by lip changes. During the transition from <span class="pho">ə</span> to <span class="pho">əl</span>, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
|
||||
> * 接着直接反复说 <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
|
||||
> * Next, repeating <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
|
||||
> * 再反复说 <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
|
||||
> * Follow with repeating <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
|
||||
> * 现在反复说 <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span> 现在需要格外注意：为了 <span class="pho">m</span> 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**……
|
||||
> * Now, keep saying <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span>. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the <span class="pho">m</span> sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound.
|
||||
|
||||
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* `/ɡɝːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/girl-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 `/gəʊ/`）, *world* `/wɝːld/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 `/wəʊd/`）。
|
||||
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/girl-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">gəʊ</span>）, *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>）。
|
||||
|
||||
Practice pronouncing *girl* `/ɡɝːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/girl-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as `/gəʊl/`) and *world* `/wɝːld/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as `/wəʊd/`) the same way.
|
||||
Practice pronouncing *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/girl-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as <span class="pho alt">gəʊl</span>) and *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/world-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>) the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
以 `l` 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 `ə`，比如：
|
||||
以 <span class="pho">l</span> 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
There are many common words where `l` ends the syllable. Be sure to include the `ə` sound when pronouncing them. For example:
|
||||
There are many common words where <span class="pho">l</span> ends the syllable. Be sure to include the <span class="pho">ə</span> sound when pronouncing them. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
> *fail* `/feɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* `/faɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* `/sel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* `/seɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* `/tel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* `/teɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* `/treɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* `/drɪl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
> *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
注意，`/ʌl/` 没有 `ə` 的加音，因为 `ʌ` 和 `ə` 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* `/ˈʌltɪmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，`/iːl/` 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 `/rɪˈviːl/`， 但它的确读做 `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 `ə`，但，*revealing*，读作 `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 `ə`，可能是因为 `l` 被挪到后面和 `ɪŋ` 构成了第三个音节 `/lɪŋ/`……
|
||||
注意，<span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> 没有 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的加音，因为 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌltɪmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，<span class="pho alt">iːl</span> 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span>， 但它的确读做 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 <span class="pho">ə</span>，但，*revealing*，读作 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 <span class="pho">ə</span>，可能是因为 <span class="pho">l</span> 被挪到后面和 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 构成了第三个音节 <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Note that `/ʌl/` doesn't have the schwa (`ə`) sound added, since `/ʌ/` and `ə` are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* `/ˈəltəmət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* `/rɪˈzəlt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to `/iːl/` in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as `/rɪˈviːl/` in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as `/rɪˈviːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as `/rɪˈviːlɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the `l` sound has been moved to form a third syllable with `ɪŋ` as `/lɪŋ/`.
|
||||
Note that <span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> doesn't have the schwa (<span class="pho">ə</span>) sound added, since <span class="pho alt">ʌ</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span> are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈəltəmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to <span class="pho alt">iːl</span> in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span> in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with the schwa sound, *revealing* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the <span class="pho">l</span> sound has been moved to form a third syllable with <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> as <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtᵊl/` 或者 `/ˈlɪtəl/`。CEPD 里标注的是 `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`，因为 `t` 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 `t̬`。
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">l</span> 下面多出的那一个点 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 的意思是说，这里的 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtᵊl</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>。CEPD 里标注的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>，因为 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is `/ˈlɪt̬əl/`, for the `t` is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped `t̬`.
|
||||
In linguistics, the letter <span class="pho">l</span> has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound <span class="pho">ə</span> naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the <span class="pho">l</span> (<span class="pho">l̩</span>) indicates that this <span class="pho">l</span> is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>. And many dictionaries simply denote it as <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>, for the <span class="pho">t</span> is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 `m`。例如，*chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 `/ˈkæzəm/`, *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 `/ˈprɪzəm/`。
|
||||
英文中另外一个**音节辅**音是 <span class="pho">m</span>。例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzəm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzəm</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is `m`. For example, *chasm* `/ˈkæzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to `/ˈkæzəm/`, and *prism* `/ˈprɪzm̩/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to `/ˈprɪzəm/`.
|
||||
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is <span class="pho">m</span>. For example, *chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzəm</span>, and *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzəm</span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.15. `j`, `w`
|
||||
# 2.2.15. <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`j` 和 `w` 是半元音。
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 和 <span class="pho">w</span> 是半元音。
|
||||
|
||||
The sounds represented by `j` and `w` are semivowels in English.
|
||||
The sounds represented by <span class="pho">j</span> and <span class="pho">w</span> are semivowels in English.
|
||||
|
||||
`j` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ɪ`，比如 *you* `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 `/iuː/`。
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
When `j` is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an `ɪ` sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* `/juː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/you-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as `/ɪuː/`.
|
||||
When <span class="pho">j</span> is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an <span class="pho">ɪ</span> sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/you-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ɪuː</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
`w` 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 `ʊ`，比如 *way* `weɪ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 `ʊeɪ`。
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，比如 *way* <span class="pho">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho">ʊeɪ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, when `w` is paired with a vowel, it's as if a `ʊ` sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* `/weɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/way-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as `/ʊeɪ/`.
|
||||
Similarly, when <span class="pho">w</span> is paired with a vowel, it's as if a <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* <span class="pho alt">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/way-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ʊeɪ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
`w` 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：`sw`、`tw`、`dw`、`kw`、`skw`、`gw`…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 `kw`，尤其是 `kwɒ` 和 `kwɔː`，比如，*quart* `/kwɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 `/kɔːrt/`（听起来和 *court* `/kɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 `/ˈkɔːlɪti/` —— 关键在于，`k` 的音之后有一个发出 `ʊ` 的嘴唇动作，否则 `kw` 就变成了 `k` —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
|
||||
The letter `w` can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as `sw`, `tw`, `dw`, `kw`, `skw`, `gw`… The most common and often mispronounced combination is `kw`, specifically `kwɒ` and `kwɔː`. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced `/kwɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>, but it is often misconstrued as `/kɔːrt/`, which sounds like *court* `/kɔːrt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/court-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *quality* `/ˈkwɔːlɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> as `/ˈkɔːlɪti/`. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the `ʊ` sound after the `k` sound; otherwise, `kw` just becomes `k`. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
|
||||
The letter <span class="pho">w</span> can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as <span class="pho">sw</span>, <span class="pho">tw</span>, <span class="pho">dw</span>, <span class="pho">kw</span>, <span class="pho">skw</span>, <span class="pho">gw</span>… The most common and often mispronounced combination is <span class="pho">kw</span>, specifically <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> and <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>, but it is often misconstrued as <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>, which sounds like *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/court-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span>. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound after the <span class="pho">k</span> sound; otherwise, <span class="pho">kw</span> just becomes <span class="pho">k</span>. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
|
||||
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.2 `p/b`
|
||||
# 2.2.2 <span class="pho">p/b</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`p/b` 的发声动作一样，都是先把嘴唇闭合，而后用气流冲开嘴唇。`p` 没有声带振动，而 `b` 有声带振动。
|
||||
<span class="pho">p/b</span> 的发声动作一样，都是先把嘴唇闭合，而后用气流冲开嘴唇。<span class="pho">p</span> 没有声带振动，而 <span class="pho">b</span> 有声带振动。
|
||||
|
||||
The pronunciation of `p` and `b` share the same mechanism, where the lips first close, then air pressure forces them apart. The difference lies in the vibration of the vocal cords: `p` doesn't involve vocal cord vibration, while `b` does.
|
||||
The pronunciation of <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">b</span> share the same mechanism, where the lips first close, then air pressure forces them apart. The difference lies in the vibration of the vocal cords: <span class="pho">p</span> doesn't involve vocal cord vibration, while <span class="pho">b</span> does.
|
||||
|
||||
这两个辅音都会自然带有很轻微的 `ʊ` 的音色 —— 是气流冲开嘴唇自然产生的声音。
|
||||
这两个辅音都会自然带有很轻微的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色 —— 是气流冲开嘴唇自然产生的声音。
|
||||
|
||||
Both consonants naturally have a slight `ʊ` sound, which is a byproduct of the air bursting past lips.
|
||||
Both consonants naturally have a slight <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound, which is a byproduct of the air bursting past lips.
|
||||
|
||||
中国学生在起初的时候常常分不清 *please* 和 *police* —— 可事实上，这两个词的区别很明显：
|
||||
|
||||
Chinese students often struggle to distinguish between *please* and *police* at first when learning English. But they are distinctly different:
|
||||
|
||||
* *please* 只有一个音节：`/pliːz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/please-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/please-us-female.mp3"></span>，而 *police* 有两个音节： `/pəˈliːs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/police-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/police-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
* *please* consists of a single syllable: `/pliːz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/please-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/please-us-female.mp3"></span>, while *police* has two syllables: `/pəˈliːs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/police-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/police-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
* 前者末尾的辅音是 `z`，后者末尾的辅音是 `s`；
|
||||
* The final consonant in *please* is a `z` sound, whereas in *police*, it's an `s` sound.
|
||||
* 最关键的，前者开头最多听起来是 `pʊ`，而后者不一样，是 `p` 和另外一个元音构成的音节： `pə`……
|
||||
* Most importantly, the initial sound in *please* might be heard as `pʊ`, but in *police*, it's different. It's a syllable composed of `p` and another vowel: `pə`...
|
||||
* *please* 只有一个音节：<span class="pho alt">pliːz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/please-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/please-us-female.mp3"></span>，而 *police* 有两个音节： <span class="pho alt">pəˈliːs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/police-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/police-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
* *please* consists of a single syllable: <span class="pho alt">pliːz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/please-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/please-us-female.mp3"></span>, while *police* has two syllables: <span class="pho alt">pəˈliːs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/police-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/police-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
* 前者末尾的辅音是 <span class="pho">z</span>，后者末尾的辅音是 <span class="pho">s</span>；
|
||||
* The final consonant in *please* is a <span class="pho">z</span> sound, whereas in *police*, it's an <span class="pho">s</span> sound.
|
||||
* 最关键的，前者开头最多听起来是 <span class="pho">pʊ</span>，而后者不一样，是 <span class="pho">p</span> 和另外一个元音构成的音节： <span class="pho">pə</span>……
|
||||
* Most importantly, the initial sound in *please* might be heard as <span class="pho">pʊ</span>, but in *police*, it's different. It's a syllable composed of <span class="pho">p</span> and another vowel: <span class="pho">pə</span>...
|
||||
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.3 `t/d`
|
||||
# 2.2.3 <span class="pho">t/d</span>
|
||||
|
||||
虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 `t/d` 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
While every language has the consonants `t` and `d`, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
|
||||
While every language has the consonants <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span>, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在中文普通话里，`t/d` 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（`wǒ tī sǐ nǐ`）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the `t` and `d` sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.
|
||||
In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.
|
||||
|
||||
对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，就好像 `p/b` 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 `ʊ` 一样，`t/d` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（`sī`）的韵母（[2.1.10](2.1.10-ɤ)）。
|
||||
另外，就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母（[2.1.10](2.1.10-ɤ)）。
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, just as the `p` and `b` sound naturally carries a slight `ʊ` sound in its pronunciation, the `t` and `d` sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's `ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is `sī.`
|
||||
Additionally, just as the <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">b</span> sound naturally carries a slight <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound in its pronunciation, the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is <span class="pho">sī.</span>
|
||||
|
||||
在中文拼音里，`i` 在 `t/d` 之后相当于英文音标中的 `i`；在 `z/c/s` 之后的 `i` 才会读成 `ɤ`…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 `t(ɤ)` 读作 `tə`，将 `d(ɤ)` 读作 `də`。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
|
||||
在中文拼音里，<span class="pho">i</span> 在 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 之后相当于英文音标中的 <span class="pho">i</span>；在 <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">i</span> 才会读成 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
In the Chinese phonetic system, `i` following `t/d` is similar to `i` in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, `i` after `z/c/s` is pronounced as `ɤ`. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce `t(ɤ)` as `tə`, and `d(ɤ)` as `də`. This calls for establishing a new habit.
|
||||
In the Chinese phonetic system, <span class="pho">i</span> following <span class="pho">t/d</span> is similar to <span class="pho">i</span> in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, <span class="pho">i</span> after <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɤ</span>. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">tə</span>, and <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">də</span>. This calls for establishing a new habit.
|
||||
|
||||
`t` 这个音素，也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个 —— 当然也是最常用的一个。美式英语中，`t` 的变体（allophone）至少有四个：
|
||||
<span class="pho">t</span> 这个音素，也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个 —— 当然也是最常用的一个。美式英语中，<span class="pho">t</span> 的变体（allophone）至少有四个：
|
||||
|
||||
The `t` sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciations — and certainly one of the most frequently used. In American English, at least four variations, or *allophones*, of `t` exist:
|
||||
The <span class="pho">t</span> sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciations — and certainly one of the most frequently used. In American English, at least four variations, or *allophones*, of <span class="pho">t</span> exist:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 正常音 `t` - 只有 `t` 处于重音音节开头的时候才被正常读出，比如，*take* `/teɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Standard `t` - This is the typical pronunciation, only used when `t` begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* `/teɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 弹舌音 `t̬` - 夹在两个元音中间的 `t` 会变成接近 `d` 的弹舌音 `t̬`，比如，*water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Flaping `t̬`: When `t` is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping `t̬`, sounding like `d`, as in water `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音 `ʔ` - `m/n/l` 之前的 `t` 有可能变成喉塞音 `ʔ`，比如，*utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* `/ˈwɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* `/ˈfruːtləs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— `/ʌʔoʊ/`……
|
||||
> * Glottal Stop `ʔ` - The `t` before `m/n/l` might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈəʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* `/ˈfɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* `/ˈwɪʔnəs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *fruitless* `/ˈfruːtləs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— `/ʌʔoʊ/`...
|
||||
> * 省略音 `ᵗ` - `n` 之后的 `t` 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 `/ˈwɪntər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……
|
||||
> * Optional `ᵗ` - The `t` following `n` might be omitted, as in *winter* `/ˈwɪnᵗər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, `/ˈwɪntər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.
|
||||
> * 正常音 <span class="pho">t</span> - 只有 <span class="pho">t</span> 处于重音音节开头的时候才被正常读出，比如，*take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Standard <span class="pho">t</span> - This is the typical pronunciation, only used when <span class="pho">t</span> begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/take-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> - 夹在两个元音中间的 <span class="pho">t</span> 会变成接近 <span class="pho">d</span> 的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，比如，*water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>；
|
||||
> * Flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>: When <span class="pho">t</span> is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>, sounding like <span class="pho">d</span>, as in water <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能变成喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈəʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>……
|
||||
> * Glottal Stop <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> before <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈəʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>...
|
||||
> * 省略音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……
|
||||
> * Optional <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> following <span class="pho">n</span> might be omitted, as in *winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.
|
||||
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.4 `k/g`
|
||||
# 2.2.4 <span class="pho">k/g</span>
|
||||
|
||||
幸亏各种语言里都有这两个音，否则的话，它们学起来原本可能挺困难……
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ Firstly, to pronounce these two sounds, the back part of the tongue must be rais
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就好像 `t/d` 在发音的时候一样，`k/g` 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 `ə` 而是 `ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>，但只有气流通过，没有声带振动。请仔细体会一下 *class* 的发音：`/klæs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/class-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 其中 `ɤ` 的音色，虽然轻微但也明显。
|
||||
就好像 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 在发音的时候一样，<span class="pho">k/g</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>，但只有气流通过，没有声带振动。请仔细体会一下 *class* 的发音：<span class="pho alt">klæs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/class-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 其中 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 的音色，虽然轻微但也明显。
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, much like the `t/d` sounds, `k/g` also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not `ə` but `ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>, where the air is flowing through without any vocal cord vibration. Pay close attention to the pronunciation of class: `/klæs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/class-us-female.mp3"></span>. The sound ɤ is subtle yet noticeable.
|
||||
Moreover, much like the <span class="pho">t/d</span> sounds, <span class="pho">k/g</span> also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not <span class="pho">ə</span> but <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>, where the air is flowing through without any vocal cord vibration. Pay close attention to the pronunciation of class: <span class="pho alt">klæs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/class-us-female.mp3"></span>. The sound ɤ is subtle yet noticeable.
|
||||
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.5 `f/v`
|
||||
# 2.2.5 <span class="pho">f/v</span>
|
||||
|
||||
与 `k/g` 不一样，`f/v` 的发声重点是可以看到的：下嘴唇略微收回，上牙贴在下嘴唇上，而后开始发音。
|
||||
与 <span class="pho">k/g</span> 不一样，<span class="pho">f/v</span> 的发声重点是可以看到的：下嘴唇略微收回，上牙贴在下嘴唇上，而后开始发音。
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike `k/g`, the articulation of `f/v` is actually visible: the *lower lip* retracts slightly, and the *upper teeth* rest on the lower lip before beginning to sound.
|
||||
Unlike <span class="pho">k/g</span>, the articulation of <span class="pho">f/v</span> is actually visible: the *lower lip* retracts slightly, and the *upper teeth* rest on the lower lip before beginning to sound.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
韩语中没有这两个音，所以，他们会不由自主地用 `p` 替代 `f`，用 `b` 替代 `v`；所以，我们经常会听到韩国人把 *photo* 说成 `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span>，把 *video* 说成 `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
韩语中没有这两个音，所以，他们会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">p</span> 替代 <span class="pho">f</span>，用 <span class="pho">b</span> 替代 <span class="pho">v</span>；所以，我们经常会听到韩国人把 *photo* 说成 <span class="pho alt">ˈpoʊˌtoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span>，把 *video* 说成 <span class="pho alt">ˈbɪdioʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
The Korean language lacks these two sounds, so Koreans will instinctively replace `f` with `p` and `v` with `b`. As a result, you often hear Koreans pronouncing *video* as `/ˈpoʊˌtoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span> and *video* as `/ˈbɪdioʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
The Korean language lacks these two sounds, so Koreans will instinctively replace <span class="pho">f</span> with <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">v</span> with <span class="pho">b</span>. As a result, you often hear Koreans pronouncing *video* as <span class="pho alt">ˈpoʊˌtoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span> and *video* as <span class="pho alt">ˈbɪdioʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
中国南方有些方言里也没有 `f`，所以，他们可能会用 `hw` 替代 `f`，比如，把 *fight* 读成 `/hwaɪt/`；中文的普通话里没有 `v`，所以，中国人经常把用 `w` 替换 `v`，比如，把 *very* 读成 `/ˈwɛri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/very-cn-zh.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
中国南方有些方言里也没有 <span class="pho">f</span>，所以，他们可能会用 <span class="pho">hw</span> 替代 <span class="pho">f</span>，比如，把 *fight* 读成 <span class="pho alt">hwaɪt</span>；中文的普通话里没有 <span class="pho">v</span>，所以，中国人经常把用 <span class="pho">w</span> 替换 <span class="pho">v</span>，比如，把 *very* 读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɛri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/very-cn-zh.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Some dialects in southern China also lack the `f` sound, so speakers might substitute `f` with `hw`. For instance, they might pronounce `fight` as `/hwaɪt/`. Mandarin Chinese doesn't have a `v` sound, so Chinese speakers often replace `v` with `w`, like pronouncing `very` as `/ˈwɛri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/very-cn-zh.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
Some dialects in southern China also lack the <span class="pho">f</span> sound, so speakers might substitute <span class="pho">f</span> with <span class="pho">hw</span>. For instance, they might pronounce <span class="pho">fight</span> as <span class="pho alt">hwaɪt</span>. Mandarin Chinese doesn't have a <span class="pho">v</span> sound, so Chinese speakers often replace <span class="pho">v</span> with <span class="pho">w</span>, like pronouncing <span class="pho">very</span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈwɛri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/very-cn-zh.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
另外需要注意的是，与 `p/b`、`t/d`、`k/g` 不一样，`f/v` 在发声的时候**不带**任何轻微的元音音色。
|
||||
另外需要注意的是，与 <span class="pho">p/b</span>、<span class="pho">t/d</span>、<span class="pho">k/g</span> 不一样，<span class="pho">f/v</span> 在发声的时候**不带**任何轻微的元音音色。
|
||||
|
||||
Another thing to note is that, unlike `p/b`, `t/d`, and `k/g`, `f/v` are pronounced *without* any slight vowel qualities.
|
||||
Another thing to note is that, unlike <span class="pho">p/b</span>, <span class="pho">t/d</span>, and <span class="pho">k/g</span>, <span class="pho">f/v</span> are pronounced *without* any slight vowel qualities.
|
||||
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.6. `s/z`
|
||||
# 2.2.6. <span class="pho">s/z</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`s/z` 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。`s/z` 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
<span class="pho">s/z</span> 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。<span class="pho">s/z</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
The `s/z` sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums, i.e. position ② (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
The <span class="pho">s/z</span> sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums, i.e. position ② (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
需要注意的是，`s` 之后的 `p/t/tr/k` 会被浊化，相应读成 `b/d/dr/g`（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
|
||||
需要注意的是，<span class="pho">s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> 会被浊化，相应读成 <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span>（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
|
||||
|
||||
It's important to note that following an `s`, `p/t/tr/k` are voiced, meaning they are pronounced like `b/d/dr/g` respectively, while the phonetic annotations remain unchanged.
|
||||
It's important to note that following an <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> are voiced, meaning they are pronounced like <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span> respectively, while the phonetic annotations remain unchanged.
|
||||
|
||||
> * *speak* `/spiːk/` → `/sbiːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/speak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/speak-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *student* `/ˈstudənt/` → `/ˈsdudənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/student-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *school* `/skuːl/` → `/sguːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *frustrate* `/ˈfrʌˌstreɪt/` → `/ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/frustrate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/frustrate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *speak* <span class="pho alt">spiːk</span> → <span class="pho alt">sbiːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/speak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/speak-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *student* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈsdudənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/student-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *school* <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> → <span class="pho alt">sguːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *frustrate* <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌstreɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/frustrate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/frustrate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
另外，英文的辅音并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的，虽然亚洲语言基本都没有这种差别。然而，英文的 `f/v`、`s/z`、`ʃ` 是可以拉长的，尤其是 `s/z`。
|
||||
另外，英文的辅音并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的，虽然亚洲语言基本都没有这种差别。然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s/z</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, in English, there's no differentiation between long and short consonant sounds. This is a feature found in some languages but is generally not present in Asian languages. However, in English, the sounds of `f/v`, `s/z`, and `ʃ` can be lengthened, especially `s/z`.
|
||||
In addition, in English, there's no differentiation between long and short consonant sounds. This is a feature found in some languages but is generally not present in Asian languages. However, in English, the sounds of <span class="pho">f/v</span>, <span class="pho">s/z</span>, and <span class="pho">ʃ</span> can be lengthened, especially <span class="pho">s/z</span>.
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.7 `θ/ð`
|
||||
# 2.2.7 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>
|
||||
|
||||
对很多人来说，`θ/ð` 相对较难 —— 主要是因为很多语言中没有这两个音，比如，中日韩都一样，都没有这两个音。
|
||||
对很多人来说，<span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 相对较难 —— 主要是因为很多语言中没有这两个音，比如，中日韩都一样，都没有这两个音。
|
||||
|
||||
For many people, producing the sounds `θ/ð` can be a challenge. This is primarily because these sounds aren't present in many languages. For instance, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are all languages that don't have these sounds.
|
||||
For many people, producing the sounds <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> can be a challenge. This is primarily because these sounds aren't present in many languages. For instance, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are all languages that don't have these sounds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ For many people, producing the sounds `θ/ð` can be a challenge. This is primar
|
||||
|
||||
English teachers often emphasize that to produce these sounds, you should lightly bite the tip of your tongue with your teeth before vocalizing it - meaning, the tip of your tongue should slightly stick out past your teeth. Utilizing this technique undoubtedly makes your pronunciation clearer, especially when articulating individual syllables or words.
|
||||
|
||||
但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 `θ/ð` 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 `θ/ð`, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
|
||||
但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
|
||||
|
||||
However, within the flow of natural speech, many instances of the `θ/ð` that are in non-stressed positions start with the tongue tip not extending beyond the teeth, but only resting against them— that is, position ① (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). Even when `θ/ð` phonemes are in stressed positions, the articulation can be simplified. All you need to do is place the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and then begin to vocalize.
|
||||
However, within the flow of natural speech, many instances of the <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> that are in non-stressed positions start with the tongue tip not extending beyond the teeth, but only resting against them— that is, position ① (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). Even when <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> phonemes are in stressed positions, the articulation can be simplified. All you need to do is place the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and then begin to vocalize.
|
||||
|
||||
最初练习的时候，可以借助 `s/z` 作为辅助:
|
||||
最初练习的时候，可以借助 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 作为辅助:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 先发 `s` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `s` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `θ`；然后分别说两个词 *sink* `/sɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *think* `/θɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
> * 先发 `z` 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 `z` 同样的方式发音，就能听到 `ð`；然后分别说两个词 *zed* `/zed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *that* `/ðæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/that-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
> * 先发 <span class="pho">s</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">s</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">θ</span>；然后分别说两个词 *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
> * 先发 <span class="pho">z</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">z</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">ð</span>；然后分别说两个词 *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/that-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
When you first start practicing, you can use the sounds of `s/z` as guides to help:
|
||||
When you first start practicing, you can use the sounds of <span class="pho">s/z</span> as guides to help:
|
||||
|
||||
>* Begin by making the `s` sound. Then, gently push the tip of your tongue forward until it touches your teeth. After this, produce the sound in the same way as `s`, and you should hear the `θ`. Practice this with words like *sink* `/sɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> and *think* `/θɪŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
>* Start with the `z` sound. Again, push the tip of your tongue forward until it contacts your teeth. Create the sound as you would with `z`, and you should notice the `ð`. Try this with words such as *zed* `/zed/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> and *that* `/ðæt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/that-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
>* Begin by making the <span class="pho">s</span> sound. Then, gently push the tip of your tongue forward until it touches your teeth. After this, produce the sound in the same way as <span class="pho">s</span>, and you should hear the <span class="pho">θ</span>. Practice this with words like *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> and *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
>* Start with the <span class="pho">z</span> sound. Again, push the tip of your tongue forward until it contacts your teeth. Create the sound as you would with <span class="pho">z</span>, and you should notice the <span class="pho">ð</span>. Try this with words such as *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> and *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/that-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.8. `ʃ/ʒ`
|
||||
# 2.2.8. <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ʃ` 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，`ʒ` 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
|
||||
The pronunciation of `ʃ` may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet `ʒ` can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
The pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʃ</span> may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet <span class="pho">ʒ</span> can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,27 +10,27 @@ The pronunciation of `ʃ` may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet
|
||||
|
||||
Let's compare following consonants:
|
||||
|
||||
> * `t/d` 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
|
||||
> * For `t/d`, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③;
|
||||
> * `s/z` 要相对于 `t/d` 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
|
||||
> * For `s/z`, it's closer to the front compared to `t/d`, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②;
|
||||
> * `θ/ð` 要相对于 `s/z`再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
|
||||
> * For `θ/ð`, it's even more forward than `s/z`, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①;
|
||||
> * `ʃ/ʒ` 和 `t/d` 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * For `ʃ/ʒ`, it's almost same as `t/d`, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③;
|
||||
> * `r` 相对于 `ʃ/ʒ` 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
|
||||
> * For `r`, it's further back than `ʃ/ʒ`, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④...
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">t/d</span>, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, it's closer to the front compared to <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, it's even more forward than <span class="pho">s/z</span>, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, it's almost same as <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">r</span>, it's further back than <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 `ʒ` 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
|
||||
除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from English, most languages do not have the `ʒ` consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
|
||||
Apart from English, most languages do not have the <span class="pho">ʒ</span> consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
|
||||
|
||||
中国学生会不由自主地用 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` —— 因为 `dʒ` 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 `zh`。`ʒ` 和 `dʒ` 的区别在于，`ʒ` 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 `dʒ` 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 `ʒ` 同一个位置 ③）。
|
||||
中国学生会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> —— 因为 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>。<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别在于，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 同一个位置 ③）。
|
||||
|
||||
Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute `ʒ` with `dʒ` - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the `zh` in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between `ʒ` and `dʒ` is that, when pronouncing `ʒ`, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for `dʒ`, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as `ʒ` ③).
|
||||
Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute <span class="pho">ʒ</span> with <span class="pho">dʒ</span> - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the <span class="pho">zh</span> in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between <span class="pho">ʒ</span> and <span class="pho">dʒ</span> is that, when pronouncing <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③).
|
||||
|
||||
少数人知道 `dʒ` 替代 `ʒ` 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 `ʒ` 听起来更接近 `r` —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— `r` ④ 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 `ʒ` ③ 要更靠后一点。
|
||||
少数人知道 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 听起来更接近 <span class="pho">r</span> —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— <span class="pho">r</span> ④ 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ 要更靠后一点。
|
||||
|
||||
A few understand that substituting `dʒ` for `ʒ` isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their `ʒ` sound often ends up sounding more like `r` - they retract their tongue tip too far - `r` ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to `ʒ` ③ .
|
||||
A few understand that substituting <span class="pho">dʒ</span> for <span class="pho">ʒ</span> isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their <span class="pho">ʒ</span> sound often ends up sounding more like <span class="pho">r</span> - they retract their tongue tip too far - <span class="pho">r</span> ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ .
|
||||
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.9. `h`
|
||||
# 2.2.9. <span class="pho">h</span>
|
||||
|
||||
不管人们用什么样的语言，笑声总是一致的…… 因为地球人在发笑的时候都使用大致一样的声音，都包含 `h` 这个音 —— 于是，没有人会觉得 `h` 的发音有什么困难。
|
||||
不管人们用什么样的语言，笑声总是一致的…… 因为地球人在发笑的时候都使用大致一样的声音，都包含 <span class="pho">h</span> 这个音 —— 于是，没有人会觉得 <span class="pho">h</span> 的发音有什么困难。
|
||||
|
||||
No matter what language people speak, laughter sounds the same... That's because people all over the world use roughly the same sound when they laugh, one that includes the `h` sound. As a result, no one finds it difficult to pronounce `h`.
|
||||
No matter what language people speak, laughter sounds the same... That's because people all over the world use roughly the same sound when they laugh, one that includes the <span class="pho">h</span> sound. As a result, no one finds it difficult to pronounce <span class="pho">h</span>.
|
||||
@@ -13,4 +13,4 @@ Here are some universal features of all languages around the world:
|
||||
|
||||
元音之于音节，正如细胞核之于细胞。
|
||||
|
||||
A *vowel* is to a syllyble, just as a *nucleus* to a cell.
|
||||
A *vowel* is to a syllyble, just as a *nucleus* to a cell.
|
||||
@@ -4,27 +4,27 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
|
||||
> <span class="pho alt">ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs</span>
|
||||
|
||||
一个音节中，有且只有一个元音（被称为 *nucleus*），也是该音节的韵（*rhyme*）。音节以元音为核心，前后可有多达三个辅音构成的组合。
|
||||
|
||||
In a syllable, there is *only* one vowel, known as the *nucleus*, which forms the *rhyme* of the syllable. This vowel is at the core of the syllable, and it can be surrounded by up to three consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，<span class="pho">c</span> 代表辅音，<span class="pho">v</span> 代表元音）：
|
||||
|
||||
> * `v` - *awe* `/ɑː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/awe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/awe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vc` - *add* `/æd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vcc` - *east* `/iːst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/east-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/east-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `vccc` - *axed* `/ækst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/axed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/axed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cv` - *the* `/ðə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/the-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/the-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvc` - *dog* `/dɑːɡ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvcc` - *task* `/tæsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/task-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/task-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cvccc` - *text* `/tekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/text-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/text-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccv` - *flee* `/fliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flee-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvc` - *speed* `/spiːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/speed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/speed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvcc` - *thrust* `/θrʌst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thrust-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thrust-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `ccvccc` - *flexed* `/flekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flexed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flexed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccv` - *spray* `/spreɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spray-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spray-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvc` - *spring* `/sprɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spring-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvcc` - *splashed* `/splæʃt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/splashed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/splashed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * `cccvccc` - *scrounged* `/skraʊndʒd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/scrounged-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/scrounged-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">v</span> - *awe* <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/awe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/awe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">vc</span> - *add* <span class="pho alt">æd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">vcc</span> - *east* <span class="pho alt">iːst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/east-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/east-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">vccc</span> - *axed* <span class="pho alt">ækst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/axed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/axed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cv</span> - *the* <span class="pho alt">ðə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/the-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/the-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cvc</span> - *dog* <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cvcc</span> - *task* <span class="pho alt">tæsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/task-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/task-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cvccc</span> - *text* <span class="pho alt">tekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/text-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/text-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ccv</span> - *flee* <span class="pho alt">fliː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flee-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ccvc</span> - *speed* <span class="pho alt">spiːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/speed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/speed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ccvcc</span> - *thrust* <span class="pho alt">θrʌst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/thrust-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/thrust-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ccvccc</span> - *flexed* <span class="pho alt">flekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flexed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flexed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cccv</span> - *spray* <span class="pho alt">spreɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spray-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spray-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cccvc</span> - *spring* <span class="pho alt">sprɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spring-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cccvcc</span> - *splashed* <span class="pho alt">splæʃt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/splashed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/splashed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">cccvccc</span> - *scrounged* <span class="pho alt">skraʊndʒd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/scrounged-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/scrounged-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
|
||||
# 2.3.2. 重音（Stress）
|
||||
|
||||
当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时，其中的某个音节可能带有重音（*stress*），在音标中使用 `ˈ` 作为标记。
|
||||
当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时，其中的某个音节可能带有重音（*stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˈ</span> 作为标记。
|
||||
|
||||
When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by `ˈ` in phonetic notation.
|
||||
When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by <span class="pho">ˈ</span> in phonetic notation.
|
||||
|
||||
一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 `oʊ`……
|
||||
一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˌ</span> 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 <span class="pho">oʊ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span> has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`.
|
||||
In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by <span class="pho">ˌ</span> in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span> has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on <span class="pho">oʊ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
在学习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 - 字”，而不是 “英文单词 - 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成。
|
||||
|
||||
What Asian learners of English must be especially mindful of is to mentally correct the correlation from "*English syllable - Asian Character*" instead of "English word - Asian Character". This is because all characters in Asian languages, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, are composed of single syllables.
|
||||
|
||||
*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
|
||||
*individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
|
||||
|
||||
The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
|
||||
The word *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
|
||||
|
||||
> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。
|
||||
> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*.
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词yar，*19* 个音节。
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
|
||||
> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。
|
||||
> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*.
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> —— 总计 *7* 个单词yar，*19* 个音节。
|
||||
> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
|
||||
|
||||
这个对应关系的纠正很重要，因为这个对应关系在最底层影响连贯声音的理解方式。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -41,23 +41,23 @@ However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely b
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
英语里除了**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**之外，还有**弱音**，比如被弱化成 `ə` 的 *schwa*。
|
||||
英语里除了**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**之外，还有**弱音**，比如被弱化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的 *schwa*。
|
||||
|
||||
In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (`ə`) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
|
||||
In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (<span class="pho">ə</span>) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
|
||||
|
||||
细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第 4 个音节 `/dʒu/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`……
|
||||
细细体会 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl</span>…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span>里的元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 被弱化为 <span class="pho">ə</span>；另外，第 4 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> 里的元音 <span class="pho">ju</span> 也被弱化成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，但保留了 <span class="pho">u</span> 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span>，之前自带着轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，于是连成了很轻的 <span class="pho">wᵊl</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒu/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`...
|
||||
Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel <span class="pho">ɪ</span> in the second syllable <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span> is reduced to the schwa sound, <span class="pho">ə</span>; likewise, the vowel <span class="pho">ju</span> in the fourth syllable <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> is also reduced to <span class="pho">ə</span>, but retains the coloration of <span class="pho">u</span>. The <span class="pho">l</span> at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight <span class="pho">ə</span> sound, thus becomes a very light <span class="pho">wᵊl</span>...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
英文的元音有长短之分。需要注意的是：当一个**短元音**构成的**音节**是**重音**的时候，该音节会自然而然读得更长一些，比如 *city* 或者 *silly* 之中的第一个重音音节 `/ˈsɪ/` —— 可能是因为 `s` 音拉得更长；再比如，*Thanks, I owe you a big one.* 这句话里的 *big* —— 可能是因为 `bɪg` 这个词（**音节**）的**音调**（pitch, [2.5.1](2.5.1-pitch)）拉高，或者干脆是 `ɪ` 这个**短元音**拉长……
|
||||
英文的元音有长短之分。需要注意的是：当一个**短元音**构成的**音节**是**重音**的时候，该音节会自然而然读得更长一些，比如 *city* 或者 *silly* 之中的第一个重音音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ</span> —— 可能是因为 <span class="pho">s</span> 音拉得更长；再比如，*Thanks, I owe you a big one.* 这句话里的 *big* —— 可能是因为 <span class="pho">bɪg</span> 这个词（**音节**）的**音调**（pitch, [2.5.1](2.5.1-pitch)）拉高，或者干脆是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 这个**短元音**拉长……
|
||||
|
||||
In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, `/ˈsɪ/` may be extended due to the drawn-out `s` sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable `bɪg` is raised or simply because the short vowel `ɪ` is stretched out.
|
||||
In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ</span> may be extended due to the drawn-out <span class="pho">s</span> sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable <span class="pho">bɪg</span> is raised or simply because the short vowel <span class="pho">ɪ</span> is stretched out.
|
||||
|
||||
有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, `/ˈædres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词，“地址”；`/əˈdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 `/ˈrekɚd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>，前者是名词，后者是动词。
|
||||
有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, <span class="pho alt">ˈædres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词，“地址”；<span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>，前者是名词，后者是动词。
|
||||
|
||||
At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span>, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrekɚd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> or `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
|
||||
At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈæˌdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as <span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span>, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> or <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
|
||||
|
||||
类似的还有很多，比如以下常见词汇[^1]：
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -65,71 +65,71 @@ Note, the same word, when pronounced with stress on different syllables, can cha
|
||||
|
||||
| Noun | Verb |
|
||||
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||||
| 'conduct `/ˈkɑːndʌkt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct `/kənˈdʌkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'conflict `/ˈkɑːnflɪkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict `/kənˈflɪkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'convert `/ˈkɑːnvɝːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert `/kənˈvɝːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'digest `/ˈdaɪdʒest/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest `/daɪˈdʒest/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'permit `/ˈpɝːmɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit `/pɚˈmɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'rebel `/ˈrebəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel `/rɪˈbel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'subject `/ˈsʌbdʒekt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject `/səbˈdʒekt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'conduct <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːndʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'conflict <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict <span class="pho alt">kənˈflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'convert <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert <span class="pho alt">kənˈvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'digest <span class="pho alt">ˈdaɪdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest <span class="pho alt">daɪˈdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'permit <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝːmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit <span class="pho alt">pɚˈmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'rebel <span class="pho alt">ˈrebəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel <span class="pho alt">rɪˈbel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'subject <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject <span class="pho alt">səbˈdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
在随后的章节里我们会涉及到重音音节的另外一个重点 —— 音调（*tone*，[2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)）。
|
||||
|
||||
In the upcoming sections, we'll be covering another important aspect of stressed syllables — tone ([2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)).
|
||||
|
||||
不妨逐个练习一下以下常用多音节词汇，注意**重音**、**次重音**，以及**非重音**和**弱音** `ə`（*schwa*）：
|
||||
不妨逐个练习一下以下常用多音节词汇，注意**重音**、**次重音**，以及**非重音**和**弱音** <span class="pho">ə</span>（*schwa*）：
|
||||
|
||||
Let's practice the pronunciation of the following commonly used multi-syllable words one by one. Pay attention to the *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, as well as *unstressed*, or *weak* `ə` (schwa) sounds:
|
||||
Let's practice the pronunciation of the following commonly used multi-syllable words one by one. Pay attention to the *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, as well as *unstressed*, or *weak* <span class="pho">ə</span> (schwa) sounds:
|
||||
|
||||
> * *accommodate* `/əˈkɑːmədeɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anniversary* `/ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anticipate* `/ænˈtɪsəpeɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *appreciate* `/əˈpriːʃieɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *beautiful* `/ˈbjuːt̬əfəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *celebration* `/ˌseləˈbreɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *characteristic* `/ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *communication* `/kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *determination* `/dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *discovery* `/dɪˈskʌvɚi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *encouragement* `/ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *entrepreneur* `/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *environment* `/ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *exaggerate* `/ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *examination* `/ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *explanation* `/ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *fascinating* `/ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *government* `/ˈɡʌvɚnmənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *hospitality* `/ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *imagination* `/ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *impossible* `/ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *incredible* `/ɪnˈkredəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *independent* `/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *information* `/ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *inspiration* `/ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *interesting* `/ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *international* `/ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *knowledgeable* `/ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *opportunity* `/ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *personality* `/ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *photography* `/fəˈtɑːɡrəfi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *professional* `/prəˈfeʃənəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *recognition* `/ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *rehabilitation* `/ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *relationship* `/rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *responsibility* `/rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *revolutionary* `/ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *satisfaction* `/ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *spectacular* `/spekˈtækjəlɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *temperature* `/ˈtempɚətʃɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *transportation* `/ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unbelievable* `/ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understand* `/ˌʌndɚˈstænd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understanding* `/ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unforgettable* `/ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *university* `/ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vegetarian* `/ˌvedʒəˈteriən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vocabulary* `/voʊˈkæbjəleri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vulnerable* `/ˈvʌlnɚəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *wonderfully* `/ˈwʌndɚfəli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *accommodate* <span class="pho alt">əˈkɑːmədeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anniversary* <span class="pho alt">ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anticipate* <span class="pho alt">ænˈtɪsəpeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *appreciate* <span class="pho alt">əˈpriːʃieɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *beautiful* <span class="pho alt">ˈbjuːt̬əfəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *celebration* <span class="pho alt">ˌseləˈbreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *characteristic* <span class="pho alt">ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *communication* <span class="pho alt">kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *determination* <span class="pho alt">dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *discovery* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌvɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *encouragement* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *entrepreneur* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *environment* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *exaggerate* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *examination* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *explanation* <span class="pho alt">ˌekspləˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *fascinating* <span class="pho alt">ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *government* <span class="pho alt">ˈɡʌvɚnmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *hospitality* <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *imagination* <span class="pho alt">ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *incredible* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkredəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *independent* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈpendənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *information* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *inspiration* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *interesting* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *international* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *knowledgeable* <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *opportunity* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *personality* <span class="pho alt">ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *photography* <span class="pho alt">fəˈtɑːɡrəfi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *professional* <span class="pho alt">prəˈfeʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *recognition* <span class="pho alt">ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *rehabilitation* <span class="pho alt">ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *relationship* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *revolutionary* <span class="pho alt">ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *satisfaction* <span class="pho alt">ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *spectacular* <span class="pho alt">spekˈtækjəlɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *temperature* <span class="pho alt">ˈtempɚətʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *transportation* <span class="pho alt">ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unbelievable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understand* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understanding* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unforgettable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *university* <span class="pho alt">ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vegetarian* <span class="pho alt">ˌvedʒəˈteriən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vocabulary* <span class="pho alt">voʊˈkæbjəleri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vulnerable* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlnɚəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *wonderfully* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʌndɚfəli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Sound files in this list come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
|
||||
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ Each combination above can lead to a series of *phonetic variations*. These nuan
|
||||
|
||||
需要注意的是，当我们讨论多个音节组合在一起的时候，有两种情况。第一种情况是**多音节词汇** —— 当然是连着的一串音节。而另外一种情况其实也同样常见，在自然语流中更多的是多个词汇组合在一起构成的**意群** —— 实际上也是连着的一串音节。
|
||||
|
||||
It's important to note that when discussing syllables strung together, there are two scenarios. The first is *polysyllabic words*, which are, of course, a series of linked syllables. The other common case involves *meaning groups* - combinations of several words that form a continuous string of syllables. Both are commonly found in natural speech flow.
|
||||
It's important to note that when discussing syllables strung together, there are two scenarios. The first is *polysyllabic words*, which are, of course, a series of linked syllables. The other common case involves *meaning groups* - combinations of several words that form a continuous string of syllables. Both are commonly found in natural speech flow.
|
||||
@@ -12,30 +12,30 @@ In natural speech flow, many polysyllabic words are often peppered with *breaks*
|
||||
|
||||
When we want to emphasize a syllable, we often need to *stop* briefly before it to prepare for the pronunciation.
|
||||
|
||||
比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 为了把 `/luː/` 这个音节读成**重音**（顺带说，这是个长元音），你可能就会不由自主地在发出 `sə` 之后略微**停顿**一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 再试一下，若是在 `/vɪ/` 之前略微**停顿**一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成**重音**。
|
||||
比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* <span class="pho alt">ˌæbsəˈluːtli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 为了把 <span class="pho alt">luː</span> 这个音节读成**重音**（顺带说，这是个长元音），你可能就会不由自主地在发出 <span class="pho">sə</span> 之后略微**停顿**一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 再试一下，若是在 <span class="pho alt">vɪ</span> 之前略微**停顿**一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成**重音**。
|
||||
|
||||
Take the word *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span> for instance. To *stress* the `/luː/` syllable, which is long, you might find yourself involuntarily stopping slightly after pronouncing `sə`. The same practice applies to the word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>, which you've practiced before. A brief stop before `/vɪ/` makes it relatively easier to stress.
|
||||
Take the word *absolutely* <span class="pho alt">ˌæbsəˈluːtli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span> for instance. To *stress* the <span class="pho alt">luː</span> syllable, which is long, you might find yourself involuntarily stopping slightly after pronouncing <span class="pho">sə</span>. The same practice applies to the word *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>, which you've practiced before. A brief stop before <span class="pho alt">vɪ</span> makes it relatively easier to stress.
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个更为常见的**停顿**相对比较微妙，它就在那里，可不仅听不到，也看不到。
|
||||
|
||||
Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it.
|
||||
|
||||
比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 *network* `/ˈnetˌwərk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。（注意，也有人用喉塞音读这里的 `t`）
|
||||
比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，<span class="pho">t</span> 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑtˌdɔg</span>，也不是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑˌdɔg</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 这里的 <span class="pho">·</span> 表示因 <span class="pho">t</span> 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetˌwərk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词 —— 这里面的 <span class="pho">t</span> 也是同样的机制。（注意，也有人用喉塞音读这里的 <span class="pho">t</span>）
|
||||
|
||||
Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the `t`, but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/` or `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`, you hear `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> – the `·` represents a stop created by the `t` sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with *network* `/ˈnetˌwərk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> – the `t` applies the same principle. (Note, some people pronounce the `t` in this context using a *glottal stop*.)
|
||||
Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the <span class="pho">t</span>, but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑtˌdɔg</span> or <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑˌdɔg</span>, you hear <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> – the <span class="pho">·</span> represents a stop created by the <span class="pho">t</span> sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetˌwərk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> – the <span class="pho">t</span> applies the same principle. (Note, some people pronounce the <span class="pho">t</span> in this context using a *glottal stop*.)
|
||||
|
||||
这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有以下几种：
|
||||
|
||||
There are several types of *stops* in English:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
|
||||
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
|
||||
> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
|
||||
> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð` - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
|
||||
> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
|
||||
> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 唇塞音：<span class="pho">p</span>、<span class="pho">b</span>、<span class="pho">m</span>、<span class="pho">f</span>、<span class="pho">v</span> —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 <span class="pho alt">help</span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">p</span> 就是一个唇塞音。
|
||||
> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the <span class="pho">p</span> in <span class="pho alt">help</span> is a labial stop.
|
||||
> * 齿塞音：<span class="pho">θ</span>、<span class="pho">ð</span> —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 <span class="pho alt">pæθ</span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">θ</span> 就是一个齿塞音。
|
||||
> * **Dental stop**: <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span> - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final <span class="pho">θ</span> in <span class="pho alt">pæθ</span> is a dental stop.
|
||||
> * 龈塞音: <span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">d</span> —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 <span class="pho alt">traɪd</span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">d</span> 就是一个龈塞音。
|
||||
> * **Alveolar stop**: <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span> - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final <span class="pho">d</span> in <span class="pho alt">traɪd</span> is an alveolar stop.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音：<span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">t</span> —— IPA 里用 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 <span class="pho">k</span> 就是一个喉塞音，<span class="pho alt">θɪŋʔ ðæt</span>。 *uh-oh* <span class="pho alt">ɑʔoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… <span class="pho">t</span> 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈneʔwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
> * **Glottal stop**: <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">t</span> - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol <span class="pho">ʔ</span>. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in <span class="pho alt">θɪŋʔ ðæt</span>. Another example is the word *uh-oh* <span class="pho alt">ɑʔoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, <span class="pho">t</span> can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈneʔwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ Check out the recording of this stentence:
|
||||
> * *Pitch Contour* 截图来自学习辅助工具 [Enjoy](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english)。
|
||||
> * The screenshot of the Pitch Contour is from the learning aid App [Enjoy](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english).
|
||||
|
||||
在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的停顿（用 `|` 标注）：
|
||||
在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的停顿（用 <span class="pho">|</span> 标注）：
|
||||
|
||||
In the Waveform, we can clearly see two significant pauses (marked with `|`) in this sentence:
|
||||
In the Waveform, we can clearly see two significant pauses (marked with <span class="pho">|</span>) in this sentence:
|
||||
|
||||
> *Yet, | it is a fact of life | that an unlettered peasant is considered ignorant.* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yet-it-is-a-fact.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ The distinction between *stop* and *pause* can be clarified by whether or not on
|
||||
> * 意群之间的**暂停**（*pause*）是可以换气的 —— 当然若非必要也可以不换气；
|
||||
> * A *pause* typically happens between meaning groups, where you have the opportunity to take a breath - although it's not always necessary to do so.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of *Knowledge and Decisions* by Thomas Sowell.
|
||||
[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of *Knowledge and Decisions* by Thomas Sowell.
|
||||
@@ -4,35 +4,35 @@
|
||||
|
||||
A syllable can be formed by a "consonant + vowel" combination within a word. Within the same *thought group*, if a word *ending in a consonant* meets a word *beginning with a vowel*, the final consonant of the first word and the initial vowel of the second word *may well* blend together when spoken, sounding as if they form a single *syllable*, which is often referred to as *linking*.
|
||||
|
||||
比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span> 在这句话中，*People's* 末尾的 `z` 和 *opinions* 开头的 `ə` 会连在一起，`/piː·pəl·zə·ˈpɪ·njənz/` —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样……
|
||||
比如在 *People's opinions vary from individual to individual.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span> 在这句话中，*People's* 末尾的 <span class="pho">z</span> 和 *opinions* 开头的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 会连在一起，<span class="pho alt">piː·pəl·zə·ˈpɪ·njənz</span> —— 感觉上是在读一整个由 *5* 个音节构成的词汇一样……
|
||||
|
||||
For instance, when saying *People's opinions vary from individual to individual*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span>, the `s` at the end of *People's* and the `ə` at the start of *opinions* seamlessly connect, making it sound like a five-syllable word: /pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/. It feels as if you're pronouncing a single, lengthy word.
|
||||
For instance, when saying *People's opinions vary from individual to individual*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-opinions-vary-nova.mp3"></span>, the <span class="pho">s</span> at the end of *People's* and the <span class="pho">ə</span> at the start of *opinions* seamlessly connect, making it sound like a five-syllable word: /pi-pəl-zə-ˈpɪ-njənz/. It feels as if you're pronouncing a single, lengthy word.
|
||||
|
||||
这类**连读**中有相当难度乃至于必须刻意练习的其实只有两种，`t` 和 `l` 构成的连读。
|
||||
这类**连读**中有相当难度乃至于必须刻意练习的其实只有两种，<span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">l</span> 构成的连读。
|
||||
|
||||
There are two particular types which are quite challenging and require deliberate practice. These involve the use of `t` and `l`, respectively.
|
||||
There are two particular types which are quite challenging and require deliberate practice. These involve the use of <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">l</span>, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
之前提到过，在美式英语里，`t` 有个特殊的现象，它夹在两个元音之间的时候会被浊化，被读成弹舌音，用 `t̬` 表示，听起来接近 `d`…… 比如，在 city `/ˈsɪt̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/city-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词汇里， `t` 就夹在两个元音之间。
|
||||
之前提到过，在美式英语里，<span class="pho">t</span> 有个特殊的现象，它夹在两个元音之间的时候会被浊化，被读成弹舌音，用 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 表示，听起来接近 <span class="pho">d</span>…… 比如，在 city <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/city-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词汇里， <span class="pho">t</span> 就夹在两个元音之间。
|
||||
|
||||
It is previously mentioned that in American English, the `t` sound has a unique characteristic. When it's sandwiched between two vowels, it's often voiced with an *alveolar flapping*, creating a sound very close to `d`. This is represented as `t̬`. For example, in the word *city* `/ˈsɪt̬i`/<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/city-us-female.mp3"></span>, the `t` is between two vowels.
|
||||
It is previously mentioned that in American English, the <span class="pho">t</span> sound has a unique characteristic. When it's sandwiched between two vowels, it's often voiced with an *alveolar flapping*, creating a sound very close to <span class="pho">d</span>. This is represented as <span class="pho">t̬</span>. For example, in the word *city* <span class="pho">/ˈsɪt̬i</span>/<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/city-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/city-us-female.mp3"></span>, the <span class="pho">t</span> is between two vowels.
|
||||
|
||||
在自然语流里，同一个意群中，经常会出现以 `t` 结尾的词汇后面跟着一个以元音开头的词汇，并且，`t` 的前面是元音的概率也很高，所以，词汇之间出现 `t` 的浊化弹舌音 `t̬` 的情况非常普遍。比如，*Get it done.* `/ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
在自然语流里，同一个意群中，经常会出现以 <span class="pho">t</span> 结尾的词汇后面跟着一个以元音开头的词汇，并且，<span class="pho">t</span> 的前面是元音的概率也很高，所以，词汇之间出现 <span class="pho">t</span> 的浊化弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 的情况非常普遍。比如，*Get it done.* <span class="pho alt">ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
In natural speech flow, it's common to find a word ending with `t` closely followed by a word beginning with a vowel within the same thought group. Furthermore, there's a high possibility that the `t` is preceded by a vowel. Therefore, the occurrence of the flapped `t̬` between words is incredibly prevalent. For example: *Get it done.* `/ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
In natural speech flow, it's common to find a word ending with <span class="pho">t</span> closely followed by a word beginning with a vowel within the same thought group. Furthermore, there's a high possibility that the <span class="pho">t</span> is preceded by a vowel. Therefore, the occurrence of the flapped <span class="pho">t̬</span> between words is incredibly prevalent. For example: *Get it done.* <span class="pho alt">ɡet̬ ɪt dʌn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-it-done-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 构成的连读，对绝大多数人来说，难点在于，如果前一个单词末尾的 `l` **舌尖动作不够完整**的话（即，结束的时候舌尖没有贴到龈脊）那么，`l` 这个弹舌音就发不出来，无法与后面的元音连上…… 尤其是在没有纠正掉用嘴唇动作替代舌尖动作的错误（乃至于有 `ʊ` 的音色）的情况下。
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 构成的连读，对绝大多数人来说，难点在于，如果前一个单词末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> **舌尖动作不够完整**的话（即，结束的时候舌尖没有贴到龈脊）那么，<span class="pho">l</span> 这个弹舌音就发不出来，无法与后面的元音连上…… 尤其是在没有纠正掉用嘴唇动作替代舌尖动作的错误（乃至于有 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色）的情况下。
|
||||
|
||||
The challenge of linked speech involving `l` lies in the tongue's movement. If the tip of the tongue does not make complete contact with the roof of the mouth at the end of a word ending in `l`, it's difficult to produce the appropriate sound for the subsequent flapping `l` with the following vowel. This is especially true if the habit of substituting the movement of the lips for the action of the tongue hasn't been corrected, leading to a sound colored by `ʊ`.
|
||||
The challenge of linked speech involving <span class="pho">l</span> lies in the tongue's movement. If the tip of the tongue does not make complete contact with the roof of the mouth at the end of a word ending in <span class="pho">l</span>, it's difficult to produce the appropriate sound for the subsequent flapping <span class="pho">l</span> with the following vowel. This is especially true if the habit of substituting the movement of the lips for the action of the tongue hasn't been corrected, leading to a sound colored by <span class="pho">ʊ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
请仔细听一遍以下的录音，注意所有以 `l` 作为末尾的音节：
|
||||
请仔细听一遍以下的录音，注意所有以 <span class="pho">l</span> 作为末尾的音节：
|
||||
|
||||
Please listen carefully to the following recording, pay special attention to words ending with `l`:
|
||||
Please listen carefully to the following recording, pay special attention to words ending with <span class="pho">l</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> Whether the *goal of* an insurgency has been to establish the Christian religion in the days of the Roman Empire, to create an interstate commerce commission in nineteenth-century America, or to promote civil rights for minorities in the twentieth century, what a *successful insurgency* does in *institutional or* process terms is to change the incentives and constraints facing others, as well as the incentives and constraints facing themselves and their successors.<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of.mp3"></span>[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
在以上这段录音中，*goal~of*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3"></span>, *successful~insurgency*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3"></span>, *as well~as*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3"></span>, 都有前一个单词末尾的 `l` 与后一个单词开头的元音之间轻微的连读。但，*institutional or*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3"></span> 之间却没有 —— 因为这两个词汇实际上分别属于前后不同的意群。
|
||||
在以上这段录音中，*goal~of*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3"></span>, *successful~insurgency*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3"></span>, *as well~as*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3"></span>, 都有前一个单词末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 与后一个单词开头的元音之间轻微的连读。但，*institutional or*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3"></span> 之间却没有 —— 因为这两个词汇实际上分别属于前后不同的意群。
|
||||
|
||||
In the audio clip above, the phrase *goal~of*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3"></span>, *successful~insurgency*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3"></span>, and *as well~as*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3"></span> all exhibit slight linking between the ending `l` of the first word and the vowel at the beginning of the following word. However, there's no such linking between *institutional* and *or*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3"></span>. That's because these two words belong to separate thought groups.
|
||||
In the audio clip above, the phrase *goal~of*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-1.mp3"></span>, *successful~insurgency*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-2.mp3"></span>, and *as well~as*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-3.mp3"></span> all exhibit slight linking between the ending <span class="pho">l</span> of the first word and the vowel at the beginning of the following word. However, there's no such linking between *institutional* and *or*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/goal-of-4.mp3"></span>. That's because these two words belong to separate thought groups.
|
||||
|
||||
初学者容易矫枉过正，想把一切自己遇到的词汇间 “辅音 + 元音” 的组合连起来读…… 请注意，是**很可能**连起来读，但**并不一定**。首先，这多少与个人讲话的习惯有关。更为重要的是，讲话的时候要划分**意群**，意群之间要有**暂停**（*pause*）—— 前一个意群末尾的辅音和下一个意群开头的元音，不应该连读。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -40,8 +40,8 @@ Beginners often overcorrect when learning English, trying to merge all "consonan
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 目前（2024.03） OpenAI 的 TTS 引擎生成的语音中，*`l` + vowels* 的组合总是没有连读效果 —— 也许将来的版本会改进？
|
||||
> 目前（2024.03） OpenAI 的 TTS 引擎生成的语音中，*<span class="pho">l</span> + vowels* 的组合总是没有连读效果 —— 也许将来的版本会改进？
|
||||
>
|
||||
> As of now (March 2024), the TTS engine from OpenAI doesn't seem to blend the sound of ending `l` with following vowels smoothly. But who knows? Future versions might just improve on this.
|
||||
> As of now (March 2024), the TTS engine from OpenAI doesn't seem to blend the sound of ending <span class="pho">l</span> with following vowels smoothly. But who knows? Future versions might just improve on this.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell.
|
||||
[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell.
|
||||
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ The combination of "consonant + consonant" often requires more attention.
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.4.3.1 省音（elision）
|
||||
|
||||
“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* `/ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *network* `/ˈnetwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>，再比如，*hard-nosed* `/hɑːrd-noʊzd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* `/ˈpɑːrtnɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
“**辅音 + 辅音**” 的组合，常常会造成前一个辅音虽然发声器官（*articulator*）动作完整但并不发声的情况，于是会出现一个既 “看不见” 也 “听不到” 的**停顿**（*stop*，[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)），之前举过单词内存在这种情况的例子，*hotdog* <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>，再比如，*hard-nosed* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrd-noʊzd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑːrtnɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* `/ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> and *network* `/ˈnetwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>, as well as *hard-nosed* `/hɑːrd-noʊzd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* `/ˈpɑːrtnɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>, and so on.
|
||||
A "consonant + consonant" combination often results in an instance where the first consonant is articulated but not voiced, creating an *invisible and inaudible stop* ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop)). Examples of this within words include previously mentioned *hotdog* <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑːtdɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> and *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>, as well as *hard-nosed* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrd-noʊzd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hard-nosed-us-female.mp3"></span>, *partner* <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑːrtnɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/partner-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/partner-us-female.mp3"></span>, and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导，因为音的确是省了，但，动作却没省，不仅没有省，**动作还很完整**。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ Within a meaning group, it's common for a word to end with a consonant and the f
|
||||
|
||||
When the same consonant ends one syllable and begins the next, this pair of identical consonants is known as *geminates*. In fluid, natural speech, these two consonants are vocalized only once— yet, you might sense a slight *stop* due to the presence of the previous consonant, and its completion of articulating action. Mechanically, this is similar to *elision* ([2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)). This phenomenon also occurs even when two neighboring consonants are just similar, not identical.
|
||||
|
||||
比如，*that time*, 不是 `ðæt taɪm/`，而是 `/ðæ·t̬aɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 第一个 `t` 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**，听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 `·` 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 `t` 与第三个 `t` 是**叠音**，这两个 `t` 只发声一次。又比如，*bad day*, 不是 `/bæd deɪ/`，而是 `/bæ·deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>。 再比如，*with this*, 不是 `/wɪθ ðɪs/`，而是 `/wɪ·ðɪs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
比如，*that time*, 不是 <span class="pho">ðæt taɪm/</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ðæ·t̬aɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 第一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**，听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 <span class="pho">·</span> 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 <span class="pho">t</span> 与第三个 <span class="pho">t</span> 是**叠音**，这两个 <span class="pho">t</span> 只发声一次。又比如，*bad day*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">bæd deɪ</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">bæ·deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>。 再比如，*with this*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">wɪθ ðɪs</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">wɪ·ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as `/ðæt taɪm/`, but as `/ðæ·t̬aɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span>. Here, the first `t` is elided because it is followed by another consonant, so you can't hear it. However, the expected pause is still there, represented by `·`. Then, the second `t` and the third `t` form a geminate, and are vocalized only once. Similarly, *bad day* is not pronounced as `/bæd deɪ/`, but as `/bæ·deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>; *with this*, is not `/wɪθ ðɪs/`，but `/wɪ·ðɪs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ðæt taɪm</span>, but as <span class="pho alt">ðæ·t̬aɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/at-that-time-us-female.mp3"></span>. Here, the first <span class="pho">t</span> is elided because it is followed by another consonant, so you can't hear it. However, the expected pause is still there, represented by <span class="pho">·</span>. Then, the second <span class="pho">t</span> and the third <span class="pho">t</span> form a geminate, and are vocalized only once. Similarly, *bad day* is not pronounced as <span class="pho alt">bæd deɪ</span>, but as <span class="pho alt">bæ·deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/a-bad-day-us-female.mp3"></span>; *with this*, is not <span class="pho alt">wɪθ ðɪs</span>，but <span class="pho alt">wɪ·ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/with-this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/with-this-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.4.3.3. 同化（assimilation）
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -34,54 +34,54 @@ For instance, *at that time* is not pronounced as `/ðæt taɪm/`, but as `/ðæ
|
||||
|
||||
Assimilation, in English pronunciation, primarily happens in two key scenarios:
|
||||
|
||||
> * `t` + `j` = `tʃ`
|
||||
> * `d` + `j` = `dʒ`
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">tʃ</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">d</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">dʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
最常见的比如，*Don't you?* `/doʊn tʃju?/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>；以及，*Would you?* `/wʊ dʒju?/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span> 这里的关键在于，`t, d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.3](2.2.3-td)），它与后面的 `/ju/` 连起来的发声就只能如此。
|
||||
最常见的比如，*Don't you?* <span class="pho alt">doʊn tʃju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>；以及，*Would you?* <span class="pho alt">wʊ dʒju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span> 这里的关键在于，<span class="pho">t, d</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.3](2.2.3-td)），它与后面的 <span class="pho alt">ju</span> 连起来的发声就只能如此。
|
||||
|
||||
For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as `/doʊn tʃju?/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>; and *Would you?* as `/wʊ dʒju?/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span>. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing `t, d`. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.3](2.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by `/ju/`.
|
||||
For example, in daily conversation, we often hear *Don't you?* pronounced as <span class="pho alt">doʊn tʃju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Dont-you-us-female.mp3"></span>; and *Would you?* as <span class="pho alt">wʊ dʒju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Would-you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Would-you-us-female.mp3"></span>. The key here lies in the position of the tongue tip when pronouncing <span class="pho">t, d</span>. If placed correctly (as explained in [2.2.3](2.2.3-td)), it naturally leads to such pronunciation when followed by <span class="pho alt">ju</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
同化主要发生在 `j` 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 `j` 前面遇到 `t` 和 `d` 时会产生同化之外，
|
||||
同化主要发生在 <span class="pho">j</span> 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 <span class="pho">j</span> 前面遇到 <span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">d</span> 时会产生同化之外，
|
||||
|
||||
Assimilation mainly happens when a word ends in `j`. Besides the explained cases where `t` and `d` are followed by `j`,
|
||||
Assimilation mainly happens when a word ends in <span class="pho">j</span>. Besides the explained cases where <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> are followed by <span class="pho">j</span>,
|
||||
|
||||
> * `s` + `j` = `ʃ`
|
||||
> * `z` + `j` = `ʒ`
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">s</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">ʃ</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">z</span> + <span class="pho">j</span> = <span class="pho">ʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
比如，`s+j` 可能会被读成 `ʃ`，`z+j` 可能会被读成 `ʒ`。再比如，*Miss you so much.* `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>；*It was your job.* `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
比如，<span class="pho">s+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʃ</span>，<span class="pho">z+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʒ</span>。再比如，*Miss you so much.* <span class="pho alt">mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>；*It was your job.* <span class="pho alt">ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
For instance, the combination `s+j` might be pronounced as `ʃ`, and `z+j` might be pronounced as `ʒ`. Here are examples: *Miss you so much* can be pronounced as `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>; *It was your job* can be pronounced as `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
For instance, the combination <span class="pho">s+j</span> might be pronounced as <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, and <span class="pho">z+j</span> might be pronounced as <span class="pho">ʒ</span>. Here are examples: *Miss you so much* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Miss-you-so-much-us-female.mp3"></span>; *It was your job* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/It-was-your-job-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，这两组是**可能**，并非一定，并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。
|
||||
|
||||
However, it's important to note that these are possibilities, not certainties. Not all English native speakers pronounce words this way.
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个细节是，`k/g` 之前的 `n`，可能会被同化为 `ŋ`:
|
||||
另外一个细节是，<span class="pho">k/g</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">n</span>，可能会被同化为 <span class="pho">ŋ</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> * *ten cups*, `/ten kʌps/` → `/teŋ kʌps/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ten-cups-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ten-cups-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *increase*, `/ˌɪnˈkris/` → `/ˌɪŋˈkris/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/increase-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/increase-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *brown gate*, `/braʊn geɪt/` → `/braʊŋ geɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/brown-gate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/brown-gate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *ten cups*, <span class="pho alt">ten kʌps</span> → <span class="pho alt">teŋ kʌps</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ten-cups-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ten-cups-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *increase*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnˈkris</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˌɪŋˈkris</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/increase-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/increase-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *brown gate*, <span class="pho alt">braʊn geɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">braʊŋ geɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/brown-gate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/brown-gate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.4.3.4. 击穿（dropping）
|
||||
|
||||
“辅音 + 辅音” 的组合中，如果第二个辅音是 `h` 的话，它常常被击穿（*dropping*），因为 `h` 原本就是很轻的音，发音时声带并不震动，所以总是自然而然地被前后发音相对更为响亮的声音所掩盖。
|
||||
“辅音 + 辅音” 的组合中，如果第二个辅音是 <span class="pho">h</span> 的话，它常常被击穿（*dropping*），因为 <span class="pho">h</span> 原本就是很轻的音，发音时声带并不震动，所以总是自然而然地被前后发音相对更为响亮的声音所掩盖。
|
||||
|
||||
In a "consonant + consonant" combination, where the second is `h`, the `h` sound often gets *dropped*, simply due to its soft nature. This is because the *vocal cords* don't vibrate when pronouncing `h`, and it naturally gets overshadowed by the louder sounds before and after.
|
||||
In a "consonant + consonant" combination, where the second is <span class="pho">h</span>, the <span class="pho">h</span> sound often gets *dropped*, simply due to its soft nature. This is because the *vocal cords* don't vibrate when pronouncing <span class="pho">h</span>, and it naturally gets overshadowed by the louder sounds before and after.
|
||||
|
||||
比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 `/wɒz hi həːt/` 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 `/wɒzi həːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 听不到 `h`，它被击穿了。
|
||||
比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 <span class="pho alt">wɒz hi həːt</span> 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 <span class="pho alt">wɒzi həːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 听不到 <span class="pho">h</span>，它被击穿了。
|
||||
|
||||
For example, take the sentence *Was he hurt?* If pronounced separately, it should be `/wɒz hi həːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span>. However, when spoken fluidly, it sounds more like `/wɒzi həːt/`; the `h` becomes unnoticeable.
|
||||
For example, take the sentence *Was he hurt?* If pronounced separately, it should be <span class="pho alt">wɒz hi həːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Was-he-hurt-us-female.mp3"></span>. However, when spoken fluidly, it sounds more like <span class="pho alt">wɒzi həːt</span>; the <span class="pho">h</span> becomes unnoticeable.
|
||||
|
||||
很多美国人在 `t` 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，`t` 跟在 `n` 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 `t`，也就是说，`t` 也可能被击穿。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有 `t`。
|
||||
很多美国人在 <span class="pho">t</span> 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，<span class="pho">t</span> 跟在 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 <span class="pho">t</span>，也就是说，<span class="pho">t</span> 也可能被击穿。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnəˌvju</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有 <span class="pho">t</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Many Americans have a unique habit with the `t` sound, especially when it follows `n`. Their way of speaking often causes the `t` to disappear. For instance, when they say the word *interview*, you might hear `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the `t`.
|
||||
Many Americans have a unique habit with the <span class="pho">t</span> sound, especially when it follows <span class="pho">n</span>. Their way of speaking often causes the <span class="pho">t</span> to disappear. For instance, when they say the word *interview*, you might hear <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnəˌvju</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interview-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interview-us-female.mp3"></span>, without the <span class="pho">t</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，`ð` 也可能被击穿，基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如，*let them* `/let ðəm/`, 变成了 `/let-əm/`，由由于 `ð` 被击穿了之后，`t` 等于被夹在了两个元音之间，于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 `t̬`，于是，说出来的或者听到的是 `/let̬əm/`…… 所以，在快速的自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上几乎没有区别，需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。
|
||||
另外，<span class="pho">ð</span> 也可能被击穿，基本只发生在 *them* 这个常用词上。比如，*let them* <span class="pho alt">let ðəm</span>, 变成了 <span class="pho alt">let-əm</span>，由由于 <span class="pho">ð</span> 被击穿了之后，<span class="pho">t</span> 等于被夹在了两个元音之间，于是会变成浊化的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，于是，说出来的或者听到的是 <span class="pho alt">let̬əm</span>…… 所以，在快速的自然语流中 *let him* 和 *let them* 实际上几乎没有区别，需要通过上下文确定究竟是 *him* 还是 *them*。
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, the `ð` sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* `/let ðəm/` might become `/let-əm/`. When the `ð` is dropped, the `t` ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap `t̬`. So, what you say or hear becomes `/let̬əm/`. Therefore, in fast natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound almost identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*.
|
||||
In addition, the <span class="pho">ð</span> sound can also be dropped, primarily in the common word *them*. For example, *let them* <span class="pho alt">let ðəm</span> might become <span class="pho alt">let-əm</span>. When the <span class="pho">ð</span> is dropped, the <span class="pho">t</span> ends up sandwiched between two vowels and turns into the voiced flap <span class="pho">t̬</span>. So, what you say or hear becomes <span class="pho alt">let̬əm</span>. Therefore, in fast natural speech, *let him* and *let them* sound almost identical and only context can determine whether it's *him* or *them*.
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.4.3.5 其它（others）
|
||||
|
||||
值得一提的是，`m/n` + `f/v` 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* `/ˈkʌmfɚt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *conversation* `/ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span> 的例子。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 `/sten frəm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
值得一提的是，<span class="pho">m/n</span> + <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的情况。词汇之内我们看过 *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span> 的例子。这种情况在意群之内也经常会遇到，比如，*stem from*, 只能读成 <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
It's worth mentioning the situation with `m/n` followed by `f/v`. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* `/ˈkʌmfɚt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> and *conversation* `/ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>. This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as `/sten frəm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
It's worth mentioning the situation with <span class="pho">m/n</span> followed by <span class="pho">f/v</span>. We've seen examples of this in words like *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌmfɚt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span> and *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːnvɚˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>. This occurrence is often also found within a meaning group. For instance, *stem from* can only be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">sten frəm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stem-from-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stem-from-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
@@ -4,20 +4,20 @@
|
||||
|
||||
In combinations of "vowel + vowel", an *intrusion* sound may occur.
|
||||
|
||||
前一个元音以 `ɪ/i/iː` 结尾，会出现加音 `j`：
|
||||
前一个元音以 <span class="pho">ɪ/i/iː</span> 结尾，会出现加音 <span class="pho">j</span>：
|
||||
|
||||
When the first vowel ends in `ɪ/i/iː`, an intrusive `j` sound emerges:
|
||||
When the first vowel ends in <span class="pho">ɪ/i/iː</span>, an intrusive <span class="pho">j</span> sound emerges:
|
||||
|
||||
> - *I am* - `/ˈaɪ ˈæm/` ⭢ `/ˈaɪjæm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/I-am-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/I-am-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *He is* - `/ˈhiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈhiːjɪz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/He-is-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/He-is-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *She is* - `/ˈʃiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈʃiːjɪz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/She-is-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/She-is-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *They are* - `/ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr/` ⭢ `/ˈðeɪjɑːr/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/They-are-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/They-are-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *I am* - <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪ ˈæm</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪjæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/I-am-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/I-am-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *He is* - <span class="pho alt">ˈhiː ˈɪz</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈhiːjɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/He-is-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/He-is-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *She is* - <span class="pho alt">ˈʃiː ˈɪz</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈʃiːjɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/She-is-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/She-is-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *They are* - <span class="pho alt">ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈðeɪjɑːr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/They-are-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/They-are-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
前一个音节以 `ʊ` 结尾，比如 `ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ`，会出现加音 `w`：
|
||||
前一个音节以 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 结尾，比如 <span class="pho">ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ</span>，会出现加音 <span class="pho">w</span>：
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, when the preceding syllable ends in `ʊ`, such as `ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ`, an intrusive `w` sound appears:
|
||||
Similarly, when the preceding syllable ends in <span class="pho">ʊ</span>, such as <span class="pho">ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ</span>, an intrusive <span class="pho">w</span> sound appears:
|
||||
|
||||
> - *Go away* - `/ˈɡoʊ əˈweɪ/` ⭢ `/ˈɡoʊwəˈweɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Go-away-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Go-away-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Do all* - `/ˈduː ˈɔːl/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɔːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Do-all-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Do-all-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Do it* - `/ˈduː ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Do-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Do-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Throw it* - `/ˈθroʊ ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈθroʊwɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Throw-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Throw-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Go away* - <span class="pho alt">ˈɡoʊ əˈweɪ</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈɡoʊwəˈweɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Go-away-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Go-away-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Do all* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɔːl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːwɔːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Do-all-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Do-all-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Do it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːwɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Do-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Do-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> - *Throw it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈθroʊ ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈθroʊwɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Throw-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Throw-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@ Therefore, to speak well, to speak fluently, even to speak beautifully, we need
|
||||
|
||||
虽然**把每个音素读准读对**看起来更基础，但实际上更重要的是每个音节的**韵律**，即，该**音节**的**高低、起伏、轻重、缓急**，比这个还重要的，是很多人没想到的**音节间**可能的**停顿**。
|
||||
|
||||
While it might seem more basic to pronounce each phoneme correctly, what's actually more crucial is the prosody of each syllable, including the *pitch*, *variation*, *stress*, and *rhythm* of the syllable, and what's even more important is the potential *stop* or *pause* between syllables, which is something many people overlook.
|
||||
While it might seem more basic to pronounce each phoneme correctly, what's actually more crucial is the prosody of each syllable, including the *pitch*, *variation*, *stress*, and *rhythm* of the syllable, and what's even more important is the potential *stop* or *pause* between syllables, which is something many people overlook.
|
||||
@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ Clear syllables when pronounced, may vary in *pitch*.
|
||||
|
||||
> **Yet**, | it is a fact of **life** | that an unlettered **pea**sant is considered **ig**norant.
|
||||
|
||||
这句话里，*Yet* 和 *life* 这两个单音节词汇，以及 *peasant* 的第一个音节 `/pe/`，以及 *ignorant* 里的第一个音节 `/ɪg/`，都有明显的音高（*pitch*）拉升。语音分析工具可以帮我们清楚地 “看到”：
|
||||
这句话里，*Yet* 和 *life* 这两个单音节词汇，以及 *peasant* 的第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">pe</span>，以及 *ignorant* 里的第一个音节 <span class="pho alt">ɪg</span>，都有明显的音高（*pitch*）拉升。语音分析工具可以帮我们清楚地 “看到”：
|
||||
|
||||
In this sentence, the single syllable words *Yet* and *life*, the first syllable `/pe/` in *peasant*, and `/ɪg/` in *ignorant*, all experience a noticeable *pitch lift*. Voice analyzing software can help us *see* this clearly:
|
||||
In this sentence, the single syllable words *Yet* and *life*, the first syllable <span class="pho alt">pe</span> in *peasant*, and <span class="pho alt">ɪg</span> in *ignorant*, all experience a noticeable *pitch lift*. Voice analyzing software can help us *see* this clearly:
|
||||
|
||||
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/yet-it-is-a-fact-of-life.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
|
||||
|
||||
如果你可以唱出 $\frac{4}{4}$ `| 3 2 1 - |` —— 当然，这三个音符其实任何人都可以唱出来……
|
||||
如果你可以唱出 $\frac{4}{4}$ <span class="pho">| 3 2 1 - |</span> —— 当然，这三个音符其实任何人都可以唱出来……
|
||||
|
||||
If you can sing $\frac{4}{4}$ | 3 2 1 - | - indeed, anyone could sing these three notes...
|
||||
|
||||
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/321.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
|
||||
|
||||
那你就可以把 *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... 用三个不同的音唱出来，`/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)`，你就能体会到自然语音中的**音高**变化了。
|
||||
那你就可以把 *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... 用三个不同的音唱出来，<span class="pho">/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)</span>，你就能体会到自然语音中的**音高**变化了。
|
||||
|
||||
Then you can voice *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... in three different pitches, `/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)`, and you will then feel the *pitch* changes in natural speech.
|
||||
Then you can voice *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... in three different pitches, <span class="pho">/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)</span>, and you will then feel the *pitch* changes in natural speech.
|
||||
|
||||
**音高**（*pitch*）的控制，主要靠**喉部**（*larynx*）；而**声调**（*tone*, [2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)），由于涉及到音高的变化（**从高到低**或者**从低到高**），所以，也由喉部控制。如果有个人在我们面前讲话，在我们听到她声调明显变化的时候，就可以看得到她的喉咙部位的明显动作……[^1]
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@ Pitch control mainly relies on the *larynx*. *tone* ([2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)), which
|
||||
|
||||
The reason why *speaking* can be considered as *extremely pared-down singing* is because its melody (prosody) only fluctuates within a very narrow pitch region.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: The video clip came from *[Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd edition](https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics2/)*，and the narrator is one of the authors, Catherine Anderson。
|
||||
[^1]: The video clip came from *[Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd edition](https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/essentialsoflinguistics2/)*，and the narrator is one of the authors, Catherine Anderson。
|
||||
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
|
||||
# 2.5.2. 起伏（Tone）
|
||||
|
||||
把中文当作外语学习的时候，最麻烦的一件事是学习中文每个字的声调，一二三四声以及轻声。`ma` 这个音，可以有 `mā, má, mǎ, mà` 以及 `ma`。更令人格外头痛的是：同一个音的不同声调会代表不同的含义。
|
||||
把中文当作外语学习的时候，最麻烦的一件事是学习中文每个字的声调，一二三四声以及轻声。<span class="pho">ma</span> 这个音，可以有 <span class="pho">mā, má, mǎ, mà</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ma</span>。更令人格外头痛的是：同一个音的不同声调会代表不同的含义。
|
||||
|
||||
When learning Chinese as a foreign language, one of the biggest hurdles is mastering the *tones* of each character. For example, the sound `ma` can be expressed as `mā, má, mǎ, mà` or with a *soft tone* `ma`, each with a different meaning depending on the tone.
|
||||
When learning Chinese as a foreign language, one of the biggest hurdles is mastering the *tones* of each character. For example, the sound <span class="pho">ma</span> can be expressed as <span class="pho">mā, má, mǎ, mà</span> or with a *soft tone* <span class="pho">ma</span>, each with a different meaning depending on the tone.
|
||||
|
||||
英文的音节不仅没有指定的声调，并且，声调的变化也不影响音节的含义。一般来说，声调主要在**重音音节**上有所体现。偶尔，在**句末**或者**意群末**的最后一个**非重音音节**也可能带着声调 —— 这时一般只有**平调**。
|
||||
|
||||
In contrast, English syllables don't have designated tones, and changes in tone won't alter the meaning of the syllable. Tones in English are usually reflected on the stressed syllable. Sometimes, the last unstressed syllable at the end of a sentence or phrase may carry a tone, which is typically a flat tone.
|
||||
|
||||
理论上，**重音音节**都可以有最常见的三种声调的读法，**平调**、**升调**、**降调**。比如，`→`*big*, `↗`*big*, `↘`*big*，`→`*fact*, `↗`*fact*, `↘`*fact*…… 而**非重音音节**只有**轻声**。
|
||||
理论上，**重音音节**都可以有最常见的三种声调的读法，**平调**、**升调**、**降调**。比如，<span class="pho">→</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*big*，<span class="pho">→</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*fact*…… 而**非重音音节**只有**轻声**。
|
||||
|
||||
In theory, *stressed syllables* can have the three most common tones: *flat*, *rising*, or *falling*. You could say *big* with a flat, rising, or falling tone, `→`*big*, `↗`*big*, `↘`*big*; the same goes for *fact*, `→`*fact*, `↗`*fact*, `↘`*fact*... In contrast to stressed syllables, *unstressed syllables* are *always* pronounced in a *soft tone*.
|
||||
In theory, *stressed syllables* can have the three most common tones: *flat*, *rising*, or *falling*. You could say *big* with a flat, rising, or falling tone, <span class="pho">→</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*big*; the same goes for *fact*, <span class="pho">→</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*fact*... In contrast to stressed syllables, *unstressed syllables* are *always* pronounced in a *soft tone*.
|
||||
|
||||
偶尔，你也会听到一些人会使用**降升调**，一般是在**双元音**上。比如，`⤻`sure, i`⤻`dea…… 更多的时候，**降升调**实际上是由两个音节构成的，前一个音节降调，后一个音节升调，比如，*progress* 可以被读成 `↘`*pro*`↗`*gress*.
|
||||
偶尔，你也会听到一些人会使用**降升调**，一般是在**双元音**上。比如，<span class="pho">⤻</span>sure, i<span class="pho">⤻</span>dea…… 更多的时候，**降升调**实际上是由两个音节构成的，前一个音节降调，后一个音节升调，比如，*progress* 可以被读成 <span class="pho">↘</span>*pro*<span class="pho">↗</span>*gress*.
|
||||
|
||||
Occasionally, a *falling-rising* tone is used, typically on *diphthongs*, for instance, *`⤻`sure* or *i`⤻`dea*. More often than not, a *falling-rising* tone is actually made up of two syllables, with the first syllable falling and the second syllable rising. For instance, the word *progress* can be pronounced as `↘`*pro*`↗`*gress*
|
||||
Occasionally, a *falling-rising* tone is used, typically on *diphthongs*, for instance, *<span class="pho">⤻</span>sure* or *i<span class="pho">⤻</span>dea*. More often than not, a *falling-rising* tone is actually made up of two syllables, with the first syllable falling and the second syllable rising. For instance, the word *progress* can be pronounced as <span class="pho">↘</span>*pro*<span class="pho">↗</span>*gress*
|
||||
|
||||
注意：如果**短元音**的音节用**平调**读出来，会自然而然地有所**拉长**。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@ Note: *Short vowel* syllables read with a *flat* tone naturally tend to *lengthe
|
||||
|
||||
For multi-syllable words, there are two scenarios:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 最后一个音节是**重音**：*adapt*, a`→`dapt，a`↗`dapt，a`↘`dapt
|
||||
> * 最后一个音节是**重音**：*adapt*, a<span class="pho">→</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↗</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↘</span>dapt
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * Last syllable is stressed: *adapt*, a`→`dapt，a`↗`dapt，a`↘`dapt
|
||||
> * Last syllable is stressed: *adapt*, a<span class="pho">→</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↗</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↘</span>dapt
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * 倒数第二个音节是重音：
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * Penultimate syllable is stressed:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * 第一种情况是**重音**用更高**音调** —— 以下用 `↑` 表示音调（*pitch*）的提高：
|
||||
> * 第一种情况是**重音**用更高**音调** —— 以下用 <span class="pho">↑</span> 表示音调（*pitch*）的提高：
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * First case: using *a higher pitch* for the stressed syllable, indicated by `↑` for pitch increase:
|
||||
> * First case: using *a higher pitch* for the stressed syllable, indicated by <span class="pho">↑</span> for pitch increase:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *component*, com`↑`po·nent
|
||||
> * *component*, com<span class="pho">↑</span>po·nent
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *condition*, con`↑`di·tion
|
||||
> * *condition*, con<span class="pho">↑</span>di·tion
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 在这种情况下，最后一个音节只能继续**轻声**读出来……
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ For multi-syllable words, there are two scenarios:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * Second case: using a falling tone for the stressed syllable:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *component*, com`↘`po`→`nent，com`↘`po`↗`nent，com`↘`po·nent
|
||||
> * *component*, com<span class="pho">↘</span>po<span class="pho">→</span>nent，com<span class="pho">↘</span>po<span class="pho">↗</span>nent，com<span class="pho">↘</span>po·nent
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *condition*, con`↘`di`→`tion，con`↘`di`↗`tion，con`↘`di·tion
|
||||
> * *condition*, con<span class="pho">↘</span>di<span class="pho">→</span>tion，con<span class="pho">↘</span>di<span class="pho">↗</span>tion，con<span class="pho">↘</span>di·tion
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 由于倒数第二个音节是**重音**，声调在那里已经明显**完成**，所以，随后的最后一个音节只需要**轻声**读出来就可以了。
|
||||
>
|
||||
@@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ Traditional phonetics lessons usually only cover *intonation* at the ends of sen
|
||||
|
||||
事实上，自然语流中，**每个非弱读音节都可能有属于自己的声调** —— 只不过，在没有计算机辅助的情况下，哪怕是母语使用者也无法逐一分辨…… 事实上，很多人连自己语音的每个音节声调究竟是如何控制的都无法说清楚。
|
||||
|
||||
However, in natural speech, every non-weak syllable might carry its own tone. Without technological assistance, even native speakers might struggle to distinguish these subtle differences. In fact, many people can't articulate how they control the tone of each syllable in their own speech.
|
||||
However, in natural speech, every non-weak syllable might carry its own tone. Without technological assistance, even native speakers might struggle to distinguish these subtle differences. In fact, many people can't articulate how they control the tone of each syllable in their own speech.
|
||||
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ In natural speech, a large number of common words are weakly pronounced - especi
|
||||
|
||||
This phenomenon exists in all kinds of languages. The main reason might be because these words are too common, too easily understood, cannot be misunderstood, relatively unimportant, and so on. As a result, when speakers say these words (or syllables), they tend to speak faster or lighter, even merging or omitting them.
|
||||
|
||||
北京人在说 “不知道” 这三个字的时候，有可能说出来的是用拼音都很难标记的 `bù(r)dào`，其中原本应该的 `zhī` 被糊弄成了甚至好像没有韵母的 `r`…… 但，谁都听得懂，哪怕最初不习惯，听个两三次也就适应了。
|
||||
北京人在说 “不知道” 这三个字的时候，有可能说出来的是用拼音都很难标记的 <span class="pho">bù(r)dào</span>，其中原本应该的 <span class="pho">zhī</span> 被糊弄成了甚至好像没有韵母的 <span class="pho">r</span>…… 但，谁都听得懂，哪怕最初不习惯，听个两三次也就适应了。
|
||||
|
||||
For example, when Beijingers say "不知道", it might come out as `bù(r)dào`, where the original `zhī` is mumbled into an `r` that doesn't even seem to have a vowel. But everyone understands it, and even if you're not used to it at first, you'll adapt after hearing it a few times.
|
||||
For example, when Beijingers say "不知道", it might come out as <span class="pho">bù(r)dào</span>, where the original <span class="pho">zhī</span> is mumbled into an <span class="pho">r</span> that doesn't even seem to have a vowel. But everyone understands it, and even if you're not used to it at first, you'll adapt after hearing it a few times.
|
||||
|
||||
某个单词被强读或者被弱读的时候，该单词的元音长短和重音所在（如果是多音节单词的话）都会相应发生变化，具体常见变化如下：
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -95,72 +95,72 @@ If a syllable is *weakly pronounced*:
|
||||
> * Long vowels can get shorter (almost as short as short vowels);
|
||||
> * 重音音节会变得与非重音音节一样轻；
|
||||
> * The stressed syllable can be as light as the unstressed syllable;
|
||||
> * 很多元音都会发生变化，向 *schwa* `ə`（[2.1.3](2.1.3-ʌ)、[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)）靠拢；
|
||||
> * Many vowels might change, moving towards *schwa* `ə` ([2.1.3](2.1.3-ʌ)、[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə));
|
||||
> * 很多元音都会发生变化，向 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span>（[2.1.3](2.1.3-ʌ)、[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)）靠拢；
|
||||
> * Many vowels might change, moving towards *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span> ([2.1.3](2.1.3-ʌ)、[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə));
|
||||
> * 很多与辅音相关的停顿（[2.4.1](2.4.1-stop), [2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)）会被直接省略；
|
||||
> * Many stops or pauses ([2.4.1](2.4.1-stop), [2.4.3.1](2.4.3-cc#_2-4-3-1-省音-elision)) related to consonants can be directly omitted;
|
||||
> * 清辅音 `s`、`t`、`k`、`f` 之后的元音 `ə` 可能会直接被省略掉；
|
||||
> * The vowel `ə` after `s`, `t`, `k`, `f` might be directly omitted;
|
||||
> * 清辅音 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">k</span>、<span class="pho">f</span> 之后的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 可能会直接被省略掉；
|
||||
> * The vowel <span class="pho">ə</span> after <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span> might be directly omitted;
|
||||
> * 整个单词所处的音高往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 之中的 “低”，最多是 “中”……
|
||||
> * The whole word often has a *lower* pitch, or at most *middle* pitch among *high*, *middle*, *low*.
|
||||
|
||||
其实，哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候，其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如，*city* 这个单词，重音在第一个音节上，而两处的元音是一样的：`/ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ/`；但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重，自然而然就能感觉到**第一个音节**只能比**第二个音节**更长（[2.3.2](2.3.2-stress)）。
|
||||
其实，哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候，其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如，*city* 这个单词，重音在第一个音节上，而两处的元音是一样的：<span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>；但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重，自然而然就能感觉到**第一个音节**只能比**第二个音节**更长（[2.3.2](2.3.2-stress)）。
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, even when pronouncing a single word, the length of the vowels is influenced by the stress. For example, in the word *city*, the stress is on the first syllable, and both vowels are the same: `/ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ/`. But if you pronounce the first syllable heavy enough, you will naturally feel that the first syllable can only be longer than the second one ([2.3.2](2.3.2-stress)).
|
||||
Actually, even when pronouncing a single word, the length of the vowels is influenced by the stress. For example, in the word *city*, the stress is on the first syllable, and both vowels are the same: <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>. But if you pronounce the first syllable heavy enough, you will naturally feel that the first syllable can only be longer than the second one ([2.3.2](2.3.2-stress)).
|
||||
|
||||
大多数助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词，都有两种发音形式：**强读式**（*accented form*）、**弱读式**（*weak form*） —— 这些单词往往都是单音节单词。在自然语流中，它们更多的情况下是以**弱读式**读出的。以下是其中最常见的强读式、弱读式对照列表。注意，以下的列表不能当作硬规则使用，不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读；也不是所有的实词都必须被强读。下面的列表只是在描述现象。
|
||||
|
||||
Most *auxiliary verbs*, *linking verbs*, *prepositions*, *conjunctions*, *articles*, and *pronouns* have two pronunciation forms: *accented form* and *weak form* - these words are often single syllable words. In natural speech, they are more often pronounced in the weak form. Below is a list of the most common accented and weak forms. Note, the list below cannot be used as hard rules. Not all function words must be weakly pronounced; not all content words must be stressed. The list below is only describing the phenomenon.
|
||||
|
||||
> * a: `/eɪ/` → `/ə/`
|
||||
> * am: `/æm/` → `/əm, m/`
|
||||
> * an: `/æn/` → `/ən, n/`
|
||||
> * and: `/ænd/` → `/ənd, nd, ən, n/`
|
||||
> * any: `/'eni/` → `/ni/`
|
||||
> * are: `/ɑ/:` → `/ə/`
|
||||
> * as: `/æs/` → `/əz/`
|
||||
> * at: `/æt/` → `/ət/`
|
||||
> * but: `/bʌt/` → `/bət/`
|
||||
> * can: `/kæn/` → `/kən, kn, kŋ/`
|
||||
> * could: `/kud/` → `/kəd, kd/`
|
||||
> * do: `/duː/` → `/du, də, d/`
|
||||
> * does: `/dʌz/` → `/dəz/`
|
||||
> * for: `/fɔː/` → `/fə, f/`
|
||||
> * from: `/frɔm/` → `/frəm, frm/`
|
||||
> * had: `/hæd/` → `/həd, əd, d/`
|
||||
> * has: `/hæz/` → `/həz, əz/`
|
||||
> * have: `/hæv/` → `/həv, həf, əv, əf/`
|
||||
> * he: `/hiː/` → `/hi, iː, i/`
|
||||
> * her: `/həː/` → `/hə, əː, ə/`
|
||||
> * him: `/him/` → `/im/`
|
||||
> * his: `/hiz/` → `/iz/`
|
||||
> * I: `/ai/` → `/aː, ə/`
|
||||
> * is: `/iz/` → `/s, z/`
|
||||
> * many: `/'meni/` → `/mni/`
|
||||
> * me: `/miː/` → `/mi/`
|
||||
> * must: `/mʌst/` → `/məst, məs/`
|
||||
> * my: `/mai/` → `/mi/`
|
||||
> * of: `/əv/` → `/əv, v, f, ə/`
|
||||
> * our: `/ɑʊɚ/` → `/ɑr` ⭢ `ɑ/`
|
||||
> * shall: `/ʃæl/` → `/ʃəl, ʃl/`
|
||||
> * she: `/ʃiː/` → `/ʃi/`
|
||||
> * should: `/ʃud/` → `/ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt/`
|
||||
> * so: `/səʊ/` → `/sə/`
|
||||
> * some: `/sʌm/` → `/səm, sm/`
|
||||
> * such: `/sʌʧ/` → `/səʧ/`
|
||||
> * than: `/ðæn/` → `/ðən, ðn/`
|
||||
> * that: `/ðæt/` → `/ðət/`
|
||||
> * the: `/ði/:` → `/ði, ðə/`
|
||||
> * them: `/ðem/` → `/ðəm, ðm, əm, m/`
|
||||
> * then: `/ðen/` → `/ðən/`
|
||||
> * to: `/tuː/` → `/tu, tə, t/`
|
||||
> * us: `/us/` → `/əs/`
|
||||
> * was: `/wɔz/` → `/wəz, wə/`
|
||||
> * we: `/wiː/` → `/wi/`
|
||||
> * were: `/wəː/` → `/wə/`
|
||||
> * when: `/wen/` → `/wən/`
|
||||
> * will: `/wɪl/` → `/əl, l`/
|
||||
> * would: `/wuːd/` → `/wəd, əd/`
|
||||
> * you: `/juː/` → `/ju, jə/`
|
||||
> * a: <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
|
||||
> * am: <span class="pho alt">æm</span> → <span class="pho alt">əm, m</span>
|
||||
> * an: <span class="pho alt">æn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ən, n</span>
|
||||
> * and: <span class="pho alt">ænd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ənd, nd, ən, n</span>
|
||||
> * any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">ni</span>
|
||||
> * are: <span class="pho">/ɑ/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
|
||||
> * as: <span class="pho alt">æs</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
|
||||
> * at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət</span>
|
||||
> * but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət</span>
|
||||
> * can: <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">kən, kn, kŋ</span>
|
||||
> * could: <span class="pho alt">kud</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
|
||||
> * do: <span class="pho alt">duː</span> → <span class="pho alt">du, də, d</span>
|
||||
> * does: <span class="pho alt">dʌz</span> → <span class="pho alt">dəz</span>
|
||||
> * for: <span class="pho alt">fɔː</span> → <span class="pho alt">fə, f</span>
|
||||
> * from: <span class="pho alt">frɔm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
|
||||
> * had: <span class="pho alt">hæd</span> → <span class="pho alt">həd, əd, d</span>
|
||||
> * has: <span class="pho alt">hæz</span> → <span class="pho alt">həz, əz</span>
|
||||
> * have: <span class="pho alt">hæv</span> → <span class="pho alt">həv, həf, əv, əf</span>
|
||||
> * he: <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hi, iː, i</span>
|
||||
> * her: <span class="pho alt">həː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hə, əː, ə</span>
|
||||
> * him: <span class="pho alt">him</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
|
||||
> * his: <span class="pho alt">hiz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
|
||||
> * I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">aː, ə</span>
|
||||
> * is: <span class="pho alt">iz</span> → <span class="pho alt">s, z</span>
|
||||
> * many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">mni</span>
|
||||
> * me: <span class="pho alt">miː</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> * must: <span class="pho alt">mʌst</span> → <span class="pho alt">məst, məs</span>
|
||||
> * my: <span class="pho alt">mai</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> * of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əv, v, f, ə</span>
|
||||
> * our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">/ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
|
||||
> * shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl, ʃl</span>
|
||||
> * she: <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃi</span>
|
||||
> * should: <span class="pho alt">ʃud</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
|
||||
> * so: <span class="pho alt">səʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
|
||||
> * some: <span class="pho alt">sʌm</span> → <span class="pho alt">səm, sm</span>
|
||||
> * such: <span class="pho alt">sʌʧ</span> → <span class="pho alt">səʧ</span>
|
||||
> * than: <span class="pho alt">ðæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən, ðn</span>
|
||||
> * that: <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðət</span>
|
||||
> * the: <span class="pho">/ði/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ði, ðə</span>
|
||||
> * them: <span class="pho alt">ðem</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðəm, ðm, əm, m</span>
|
||||
> * then: <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən</span>
|
||||
> * to: <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> → <span class="pho alt">tu, tə, t</span>
|
||||
> * us: <span class="pho alt">us</span> → <span class="pho alt">əs</span>
|
||||
> * was: <span class="pho alt">wɔz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
|
||||
> * we: <span class="pho alt">wiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wi</span>
|
||||
> * were: <span class="pho alt">wəː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wə</span>
|
||||
> * when: <span class="pho alt">wen</span> → <span class="pho alt">wən</span>
|
||||
> * will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">/əl, l</span>/
|
||||
> * would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəd, əd</span>
|
||||
> * you: <span class="pho alt">juː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ju, jə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: This example came from *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972
|
||||
[^1]: This example came from *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972
|
||||
@@ -16,22 +16,22 @@ Let's still use this sentence as an example:
|
||||
|
||||
<audio controls><source src="/audios/toefl-sampe-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element.</source></audio>
|
||||
|
||||
请仔细注意这一串音节：*here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... 它们原本应该被读作 `/ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvəː(r)səti/`…… 可你听到的是什么呢？`ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/`（括号里的音素省略到几乎听不清）……
|
||||
请仔细注意这一串音节：*here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... 它们原本应该被读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvəː(r)səti</span>…… 可你听到的是什么呢？<span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/</span>（括号里的音素省略到几乎听不清）……
|
||||
|
||||
Pay close attention to this string of syllables: *here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... They're supposed to be pronounced as `/ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvəːsəti/`, but what do you hear instead? `ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/` (with vowel sounds in parentheses being nearly omitted)...
|
||||
Pay close attention to this string of syllables: *here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... They're supposed to be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvəːsəti</span>, but what do you hear instead? <span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/</span> (with vowel sounds in parentheses being nearly omitted)...
|
||||
|
||||
> * *at* 被轻读成 `/ət/`，而其中的 `ə` 又几乎被省略掉了；
|
||||
> * *at* is de-emphasized to `/ət/` with the `ə` almost left out;
|
||||
> * 而 *our* 原本单独朗读的话，应该是 `/ɑʊə/`，却只变成了 `/ɑ/`；又由于这是美式发音（毕竟是 TOEFL 听力考试题），好像是多了个 `r`，所以是 `/ɑr/`；
|
||||
> * *our*, when pronounced alone, should be `/ɑʊə/`, but is reduced to `/ɑ/` or `/ɑr/` due to American pronunciation adding an `r`;
|
||||
> * *at* 中的 `t`，由于前后被两个元音夹着，所以变成了和 `d` 非常接近的 `t̬`；
|
||||
> * The `t` in *at*, sandwiched between two vowels, is pronounced similarly to `d`, becoming `t̬`;
|
||||
> * 为了把 *university* 中的长元音重读音节 `/vəː/` 读清楚，与前一个音节 `/junə/` 之间有个细微的停顿，而 `/vəː/` 读成了平调……
|
||||
> * To emphasize the stressed syllable `/vəː/` in *university*, there's a slight pause between it and the preceding syllable `/junə/`, and `/vəː/` is pronounced with a flat tone.
|
||||
> * *at* 被轻读成 <span class="pho alt">ət</span>，而其中的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 又几乎被省略掉了；
|
||||
> * *at* is de-emphasized to <span class="pho alt">ət</span> with the <span class="pho">ə</span> almost left out;
|
||||
> * 而 *our* 原本单独朗读的话，应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɑʊə</span>，却只变成了 <span class="pho alt">ɑ</span>；又由于这是美式发音（毕竟是 TOEFL 听力考试题），好像是多了个 <span class="pho">r</span>，所以是 <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span>；
|
||||
> * *our*, when pronounced alone, should be <span class="pho alt">ɑʊə</span>, but is reduced to <span class="pho alt">ɑ</span> or <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span> due to American pronunciation adding an <span class="pho">r</span>;
|
||||
> * *at* 中的 <span class="pho">t</span>，由于前后被两个元音夹着，所以变成了和 <span class="pho">d</span> 非常接近的 <span class="pho">t̬</span>；
|
||||
> * The <span class="pho">t</span> in *at*, sandwiched between two vowels, is pronounced similarly to <span class="pho">d</span>, becoming <span class="pho">t̬</span>;
|
||||
> * 为了把 *university* 中的长元音重读音节 <span class="pho alt">vəː</span> 读清楚，与前一个音节 <span class="pho alt">junə</span> 之间有个细微的停顿，而 <span class="pho alt">vəː</span> 读成了平调……
|
||||
> * To emphasize the stressed syllable <span class="pho alt">vəː</span> in *university*, there's a slight pause between it and the preceding syllable <span class="pho alt">junə</span>, and <span class="pho alt">vəː</span> is pronounced with a flat tone.
|
||||
|
||||
关键在于，好听的语音是有节奏感的。该朗读者把 `ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə` 放进了同一个节拍里，然后，下一个节拍从重音 `ˈvəː` 开始：`ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə | ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/`……
|
||||
关键在于，好听的语音是有节奏感的。该朗读者把 <span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə</span> 放进了同一个节拍里，然后，下一个节拍从重音 <span class="pho">ˈvəː</span> 开始：<span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə | ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
The key point is that attractive speech has *pace*. The speaker put `ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə` into one beat, then started the next beat with the stressed syllable `ˈvəː`: `ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə | ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/`...
|
||||
The key point is that attractive speech has *pace*. The speaker put <span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə</span> into one beat, then started the next beat with the stressed syllable <span class="pho">ˈvəː</span>: <span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə | ˈvəː(r)sət̬i/</span>...
|
||||
|
||||
日常生活中，绝大多数人讲话并不会刻意在乎**节奏**，也常常感觉并无必要。但，总有一些人是训练有素的，比如，他们需要朗读、录音、演讲，甚至表演…… 于是，他们会有意无意地控制**节奏**。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ This is why most people find it challenging to imitate foreign language recordin
|
||||
|
||||
然而，说话的**节奏**，本质上来看，毕竟没多复杂，只不过是由**长短**和适当**停顿**构成的…… 再加上**高低起伏轻重**构成的**韵律**，就更好听了。
|
||||
|
||||
However, the *rhythm* of speech isn't overly complex. It's essentially determined by the *length* of sounds and appropriate *stops* or *pauses*... Add in the *prosody* created by variations in *pitch* and *stress*, and the speech becomes even more pleasant to the ear.
|
||||
However, the *rhythm* of speech isn't overly complex. It's essentially determined by the *length* of sounds and appropriate *stops* or *pauses*... Add in the *prosody* created by variations in *pitch* and *stress*, and the speech becomes even more pleasant to the ear.
|
||||
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
|
||||
|
||||
最后，还有一些需要注意的地方，可能更为重要 —— 其障碍竟然往往来自主观感受，而非客观事实。
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, there's something more crucial to keep in mind - the obstacles we face often stem from our own subjective perceptions, rather than objective facts.
|
||||
Finally, there's something more crucial to keep in mind - the obstacles we face often stem from our own subjective perceptions, rather than objective facts.
|
||||
@@ -16,17 +16,17 @@ One of the most important and often overlooked *differences* is:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> English syllables, in most cases, are pronounced *much longer* than the individual characters in Asian languages...
|
||||
|
||||
首先，英文的元音有长短之分，除了 *6* 个基础元音 `ʌ`、`e`、`ə`、`ɪ`、`ʊ`、`ɒ` 是短元音之外，剩下的十几个都是**相对更长**的元音；而亚洲语言的元音都是等长的。
|
||||
首先，英文的元音有长短之分，除了 *6* 个基础元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">ə</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ</span> 是短元音之外，剩下的十几个都是**相对更长**的元音；而亚洲语言的元音都是等长的。
|
||||
|
||||
Firstly, English vowels have variations in length. Aside from the *6* basic short vowels `ʌ`, `e`, `ə`, `ɪ`, `ʊ`, and `ɒ`, the remaining more than dozen vowels are relatively longer. In contrast, vowels in Asian languages are all of equal length.
|
||||
Firstly, English vowels have variations in length. Aside from the *6* basic short vowels <span class="pho">ʌ</span>, <span class="pho">e</span>, <span class="pho">ə</span>, <span class="pho">ɪ</span>, <span class="pho">ʊ</span>, and <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, the remaining more than dozen vowels are relatively longer. In contrast, vowels in Asian languages are all of equal length.
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，在英文中，当一个短元音处于重音音节的时候，会出现因强调而发生的短元音变长的情况。比如，你可以试着说一下 *This is a **big** **city**!* —— 为了强调 *big*，你会不由自主地将它读成长长的 `/biːg/`，而不是 `/bɪg/`，如果强调 *city*，它的第一个 `/sɪ/` 也会稍微变长一点点（你可以把 `s` 拉长）……
|
||||
除此之外，在英文中，当一个短元音处于重音音节的时候，会出现因强调而发生的短元音变长的情况。比如，你可以试着说一下 *This is a **big** **city**!* —— 为了强调 *big*，你会不由自主地将它读成长长的 <span class="pho alt">biːg</span>，而不是 <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span>，如果强调 *city*，它的第一个 <span class="pho alt">sɪ</span> 也会稍微变长一点点（你可以把 <span class="pho">s</span> 拉长）……
|
||||
|
||||
In English, a short vowel in a stressed syllable can *elongate* when emphasized. For example, try saying, *This is a **big** **city**!* You'll notice that to emphasize *big*, you naturally stretch it into a long-sounding `/biːg/`, instead of the short `/bɪg/`. If you stress *city*, the first `/sɪ/` will also lengthen slightly - you can stretch the `s` sound.
|
||||
In English, a short vowel in a stressed syllable can *elongate* when emphasized. For example, try saying, *This is a **big** **city**!* You'll notice that to emphasize *big*, you naturally stretch it into a long-sounding <span class="pho alt">biːg</span>, instead of the short <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span>. If you stress *city*, the first <span class="pho alt">sɪ</span> will also lengthen slightly - you can stretch the <span class="pho">s</span> sound.
|
||||
|
||||
而英文的音节构成也相对更为复杂，元音前有可能是两个辅音。亚洲语言的**音节**（字）几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，*flexed*, `/flekst/`，虽然整体上只是一个音节（`ccvccc` 的结构），可即便这个音节中的元音 `e` 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。
|
||||
而英文的音节构成也相对更为复杂，元音前有可能是两个辅音。亚洲语言的**音节**（字）几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，*flexed*, <span class="pho alt">flekst</span>，虽然整体上只是一个音节（<span class="pho">ccvccc</span> 的结构），可即便这个音节中的元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。
|
||||
|
||||
English syllables can also be more complex, often with two consonants in the beginning of a vowel. This contrasts with Asian languages, where syllables (or *characters*) rarely start with two consonants. Similarly, English often ends syllables with two or three clear-sounding consonants, while this is less common in Asian languages. Each consonant requires a certain amount of time to articulate clearly. For example, the word *flexed*, pronounced `/flekst/`, although technically one syllable (`ccvccc` structure), takes longer to say than any single syllable (or *character*) in an Asian language, even though the vowel `e` in *flexed* is short.
|
||||
English syllables can also be more complex, often with two consonants in the beginning of a vowel. This contrasts with Asian languages, where syllables (or *characters*) rarely start with two consonants. Similarly, English often ends syllables with two or three clear-sounding consonants, while this is less common in Asian languages. Each consonant requires a certain amount of time to articulate clearly. For example, the word *flexed*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">flekst</span>, although technically one syllable (<span class="pho">ccvccc</span> structure), takes longer to say than any single syllable (or *character*) in an Asian language, even though the vowel <span class="pho">e</span> in *flexed* is short.
|
||||
|
||||
平均来看，英文的音节中**辅音数量**可能是亚洲语言的**两三倍以上** —— 这造成的结果就是，说英文的时候，舌头比说其他语言的时候相对要忙太多…… 并且，因此英文单个音节的发声时长也相对更长 —— 不是长一点点，而是长很多。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ There's another less noticeable yet equally crucial difference:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> In natural English speech, there are numerous *stop* sounds interspersed between syllables. We may not hear these sounds or see the articulator in action, but the actions are fully completed, meaning they also take up time.
|
||||
|
||||
还没有完…… 记得吗？两个元音直接连在一起的时候，还有可能存在**加音**（`j/w`），以及很常见的 `l` 之前的加音 `ə`……
|
||||
还没有完…… 记得吗？两个元音直接连在一起的时候，还有可能存在**加音**（<span class="pho">j/w</span>），以及很常见的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ə</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
And there's more... remember? When two vowels are connected, there might also be a **glide sound** (`j/w`), and that common schwa `ə` added before `l`...
|
||||
And there's more... remember? When two vowels are connected, there might also be a **glide sound** (<span class="pho">j/w</span>), and that common schwa <span class="pho">ə</span> added before <span class="pho">l</span>...
|
||||
|
||||
所有这些细节加在一起，造成了一个格外普遍的现象：
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ All these nuances combined result in a particularly common phenomenon:
|
||||
>
|
||||
> **Asian people often speak English too quickly...**
|
||||
|
||||
常常把**长元音**和**双元音**，以及美式英语特有的**半长元音**读成更短的版本（尤其是 `æ`），很多**辅音**没有清楚地发音，很多实际存在的微妙**停顿**（比如**塞音**）全都忽略，甚至可能在某些辅音之后插入了原本**不存在的元音**，但是，反过来常见的**加音**却实际上缺席……
|
||||
常常把**长元音**和**双元音**，以及美式英语特有的**半长元音**读成更短的版本（尤其是 <span class="pho">æ</span>），很多**辅音**没有清楚地发音，很多实际存在的微妙**停顿**（比如**塞音**）全都忽略，甚至可能在某些辅音之后插入了原本**不存在的元音**，但是，反过来常见的**加音**却实际上缺席……
|
||||
|
||||
Asian speakers often shorten long vowels and diphthongs, as well as the unique half-long vowels in American English, especially the `æ` sound. Many consonants aren't clearly pronounced, and subtle stops that should be there are often overlooked. Sometimes, vowels are added where they don't exist, yet, ironically, added sounds that should be present are often missing.
|
||||
Asian speakers often shorten long vowels and diphthongs, as well as the unique half-long vowels in American English, especially the <span class="pho">æ</span> sound. Many consonants aren't clearly pronounced, and subtle stops that should be there are often overlooked. Sometimes, vowels are added where they don't exist, yet, ironically, added sounds that should be present are often missing.
|
||||
|
||||
整体结果就是，同样一句话，亚洲人总是能够做到更快、很快、甚至太快地讲完。可问题在于，从理解的角度来看，在英文母语使用者耳中，几乎所有的韵律和节奏全都是错的。用错误的韵律节奏，讲的速度越快，就越难以被理解。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -135,4 +135,4 @@ Consider Hollywood action star Arnold Schwarzenegger. His accent is heavy, but h
|
||||
|
||||
即便是到了相对最不重要的**音素**层面，也有重要性上的先后顺序，**元音比辅音更重要**。然而，绝大多数人在整个练习过程中，在最不重要的层面上就被卡住了…… 越是重要的越没机会练习，越是重要的，越没能力去关注 —— 这才是失败的关键吧？
|
||||
|
||||
Even at the seemingly least important level of phonemes, there's a hierarchy of importance: *vowels are more critical than consonants*. However, most people get stuck at this least significant level during their practice... The more crucial something is, the less opportunity they have to practice it, the less capacity they have to focus on it. Isn't this the real crux of failure?
|
||||
Even at the seemingly least important level of phonemes, there's a hierarchy of importance: *vowels are more critical than consonants*. However, most people get stuck at this least significant level during their practice... The more crucial something is, the less opportunity they have to practice it, the less capacity they have to focus on it. Isn't this the real crux of failure?
|
||||
@@ -30,4 +30,4 @@ If you find these a bit awkward, another approach is to continuously learn Engli
|
||||
|
||||
语音的功用，如果说有 *20%* 是用来传递对事实的感受的话，那么，剩下的 *80%* 肯定并且只能用来传递情绪，不是吗？一直以来，大家在 “学外语” 的时候，都太理智了，不是吗？理智的确是一种很好的品质，但，有时候，它可能会成为不可逾越的障碍…… 真的很可惜！
|
||||
|
||||
If we say that *20%* of voice utility is for conveying feelings towards *facts*, then the remaining *80%* must be intended to express *emotions*, right? Perhaps we've been too logical when learning foreign languages, haven't we? While rationality is a good trait, it can sometimes turn into an insurmountable hurdle... which is truly a pity!
|
||||
If we say that *20%* of voice utility is for conveying feelings towards *facts*, then the remaining *80%* must be intended to express *emotions*, right? Perhaps we've been too logical when learning foreign languages, haven't we? While rationality is a good trait, it can sometimes turn into an insurmountable hurdle... which is truly a pity!
|
||||
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
|
||||
# Drafts
|
||||
|
||||
辅音 `t` 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，`t̬`，例如，*cutting* `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`。
|
||||
辅音 <span class="pho">t</span> 在美式英语中有个弹舌音变体，<span class="pho">t̬</span>，例如，*cutting* <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The consonant `t` has a flapping variant, `t̬`, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced `/ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ/`.
|
||||
The consonant <span class="pho">t</span> has a flapping variant, <span class="pho">t̬</span>, as in the word *cutting*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
辅音 `l` 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 `ə` 音，可能被标注为 `əl`、`ᵊl`（上标式 `ə`） 或者 `l̩`（注意 `l` 下的那根小竖线）。
|
||||
辅音 <span class="pho">l</span> 是音节辅音（[2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)），有时会在之前自然附带一个 <span class="pho">ə</span> 音，可能被标注为 <span class="pho">əl</span>、<span class="pho">ᵊl</span>（上标式 <span class="pho">ə</span>） 或者 <span class="pho">l̩</span>（注意 <span class="pho">l</span> 下的那根小竖线）。
|
||||
|
||||
The consonant `l` is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes naturally comes with an `ə` sound before it. This may be annotated as `əl`, `ᵊl` (with a superscript `ə`), or `l̩` (note the small vertical line underneath the `l`).
|
||||
The consonant <span class="pho">l</span> is a syllabic consonant ([2.2.14](2.2.14-lr)), which sometimes naturally comes with an <span class="pho">ə</span> sound before it. This may be annotated as <span class="pho">əl</span>, <span class="pho">ᵊl</span> (with a superscript <span class="pho">ə</span>), or <span class="pho">l̩</span> (note the small vertical line underneath the <span class="pho">l</span>).
|
||||
|
||||
6 个基础元音中，`ə` 和 `ɪ` 有相对更多的变体（*allophone*）：
|
||||
In the 6 basic vowels, `ə` and `ɪ` have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
|
||||
6 个基础元音中，<span class="pho">ə</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 有相对更多的变体（*allophone*）：
|
||||
In the 6 basic vowels, <span class="pho">ə</span> and <span class="pho">ɪ</span> have relatively more variants, or *allophones*:
|
||||
|
||||
* `ɪ`：
|
||||
* 除了长元音版本 `iː` 之外，还有一个半长版本 `i`，例如 *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`[^1]；
|
||||
* In addition to the long vowel version `i`ː, there's also a semi-long version `i`, as in *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`.
|
||||
* `ə`：
|
||||
* 长元音版本 `əː` 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 `ɜː`，例如 *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK)
|
||||
* The long vowel version `əː` is annotated as `ɜː` in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* `/bɜːd/` (UK).
|
||||
* 儿化的短元音 `ə` 被标注为 `ɚ`，例如 *mother* `/ˈmʌðɚ/`；
|
||||
* The rhotacized short vowel `ə` is annotated as `ɚ`, as in *mother* pronounced `/ˈmʌðɚ/`.
|
||||
* 儿化的长元音 `əː` 被标注为 `ɝː` 例如 *bird* `/bɝːd/` (US)
|
||||
* The rhotacized long vowel `əː` is annotated as `ɝː`, like in *bird* pronounced `/bɝːd/` (US).
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ɪ</span>：
|
||||
* 除了长元音版本 <span class="pho">iː</span> 之外，还有一个半长版本 <span class="pho">i</span>，例如 *happy* <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span>[^1]；
|
||||
* In addition to the long vowel version <span class="pho">i</span>ː, there's also a semi-long version <span class="pho">i</span>, as in *happy* <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span>.
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ə</span>：
|
||||
* 长元音版本 <span class="pho">əː</span> 在 CEPD[^2] 中被标注为 <span class="pho">ɜː</span>，例如 *bird* <span class="pho alt">bɜːd</span> (UK)
|
||||
* The long vowel version <span class="pho">əː</span> is annotated as <span class="pho">ɜː</span> in the CEPD[^2], like in *bird* <span class="pho alt">bɜːd</span> (UK).
|
||||
* 儿化的短元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 被标注为 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>，例如 *mother* <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌðɚ</span>；
|
||||
* The rhotacized short vowel <span class="pho">ə</span> is annotated as <span class="pho">ɚ</span>, as in *mother* pronounced <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌðɚ</span>.
|
||||
* 儿化的长元音 <span class="pho">əː</span> 被标注为 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 例如 *bird* <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> (US)
|
||||
* The rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">əː</span> is annotated as <span class="pho">ɝː</span>, like in *bird* pronounced <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span> (US).
|
||||
|
||||
英式英语中的 `eə`、`ɪə`、`ʊə`，在美式英语中的发音末尾都有儿化音，因此被标注为：`er`、`ɪr`、`ʊr`。
|
||||
英式英语中的 <span class="pho">eə</span>、<span class="pho">ɪə</span>、<span class="pho">ʊə</span>，在美式英语中的发音末尾都有儿化音，因此被标注为：<span class="pho">er</span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The sounds represented by `eə`, `ɪə`, and `ʊə` in British English are rhotacized in American English, which is why they are notated as: `er`, `ɪr`, `ʊr`.
|
||||
The sounds represented by <span class="pho">eə</span>, <span class="pho">ɪə</span>, and <span class="pho">ʊə</span> in British English are rhotacized in American English, which is why they are notated as: <span class="pho">er</span>, <span class="pho">ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">ʊr</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: `aɪə` 比如，*fire* `/faɪə/`；*hour* `/aʊə/`。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，`aɪə` → `aɪr`，比如，*fire* `/faɪr/`, *hour* `/aʊr/`。
|
||||
另外，英式英语中还有两个三元音: <span class="pho">aɪə</span> 比如，*fire* <span class="pho alt">faɪə</span>；*hour* <span class="pho alt">aʊə</span>。在美式英语中，这两个三元音被简化为两个双元音的更为明显的儿化音，<span class="pho">aɪə</span> → <span class="pho">aɪr</span>，比如，*fire* <span class="pho alt">faɪr</span>, *hour* <span class="pho alt">aʊr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: `aɪə` as in *fire* pronounced `/faɪə/` and `aʊə` as in *hour* pronounced `/aʊə/`. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, `aɪə` → `aɪr`, for example, *fire* pronounced `/faɪr/`, and *hour* pronounced `/aʊr/`.
|
||||
Furthermore, in British English, there are two triphthongs: <span class="pho">aɪə</span> as in *fire* pronounced <span class="pho alt">faɪə</span> and <span class="pho">aʊə</span> as in *hour* pronounced <span class="pho alt">aʊə</span>. In American English, these two triphthongs simplify into more apparent rhotacized diphthongs, <span class="pho">aɪə</span> → <span class="pho">aɪr</span>, for example, *fire* pronounced <span class="pho alt">faɪr</span>, and *hour* pronounced <span class="pho alt">aʊr</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: The middle dot `` in `/ˈhæpi/` is an annotation of syllable division. A dot `.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
|
||||
[^1]: The middle dot `<span class="pho"> in </span>/ˈhæpi/<span class="pho"> is an annotation of syllable division. A dot </span>.` is used in CEPD, but for clearer html rendering, we use a raised one here.
|
||||
[^2]: CEPD, Cambridge English Pronunciation Dictionary, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -43,54 +43,54 @@ Luckily, the majority of phonetic notation differences are concentrated in *vowe
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some key points to take note of when it comes to phonetic representation of American English:
|
||||
|
||||
> - 短元音 `ʌ` 变得与 `ə` 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 `ə` 替代。比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 可能直接被标注为 `/bət/`。
|
||||
> - The short vowel `ʌ` often sounds very similar to `ə` and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, *but* `/bʌt/` would be transcribed as `/bət/`.
|
||||
> - 长短元音不统一使用 `ː` 区分，而是`ə/ɑ`、`ə/ɜ`、`ɚ/ɝ`、 `e/æ`、`ɪ/i`、`ʊ/u`、`ɒ/ɔ`。
|
||||
> - Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using `ː`, but by pairs such as `ə/ɑ`, `ə/ɜ`, `ɚ/ɝ`, `e/æ`, `ɪ/i`, `ʊ/u`, `ɒ/ɔ`.
|
||||
> - 短元音 `e` 有时用 `ɛ` 标注。
|
||||
> - The short vowel `e` is sometimes transcribed as `ɛ`.
|
||||
> - 短元音 `ə` ，由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɚ`；不带有 `ʳ` 音的时候，常常被标注为 `ɜ`。
|
||||
> - The short vowel `ə`, often accompanied by the rhotic `ʳ`, is commonly transcribed as `ɚ`. When the rhotic sound is absent, `ə` is often transcribed as `ɜ`.
|
||||
> - 长元音 `əː`，同样由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɝ`。
|
||||
> - The long vowel `əː`, due to its frequent association with `ʳ`, is generally transcribed as `ɝ`.
|
||||
> - `ə` 结尾的双元音，都用 `r`：`ɪə` ⭢ `ɪr`，`eə` ⭢ `er`，`ʊə` ⭢ `ʊr`。
|
||||
> - Diphthongs ending in `ə` are represented with `r`: `ɪə` becomes `ɪr`, `eə` becomes `er`, `ʊə` becomes `ʊr`.
|
||||
> - 非重音音节中的 `ɪ` 可能会被标注为 `ə`。
|
||||
> - The `ɪ` in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as `ə`.
|
||||
> - 短元音 `ɒ` 在美式发音中读作 `ɑ`，也如此标注，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/` —— `ɑ` 比 `ʌ/ə` 略长一些，比 `ɑr` 短。
|
||||
> - The short vowel `ɒ` is pronounced as `ɑ` in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, *hot* is transcribed as `/hɑt/`. `ɑ` is slightly longer than `ʌ/ə` but shorter than `ɑr`.
|
||||
> - `t` 的弹舌音用 `t̬` 标注。
|
||||
> - The flapping `t` sound in American English is represented by `t̬`.
|
||||
> - 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 变得与 <span class="pho">ə</span> 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 <span class="pho">ə</span> 替代。比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> 可能直接被标注为 <span class="pho alt">bət</span>。
|
||||
> - The short vowel <span class="pho">ʌ</span> often sounds very similar to <span class="pho">ə</span> and is frequently replaced by it in transcription. For example, *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> would be transcribed as <span class="pho alt">bət</span>.
|
||||
> - 长短元音不统一使用 <span class="pho">ː</span> 区分，而是<span class="pho">ə/ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">ə/ɜ</span>、<span class="pho">ɚ/ɝ</span>、 <span class="pho">e/æ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ/i</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ/u</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ/ɔ</span>。
|
||||
> - Long and short vowels are differentiated not by using <span class="pho">ː</span>, but by pairs such as <span class="pho">ə/ɑ</span>, <span class="pho">ə/ɜ</span>, <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝ</span>, <span class="pho">e/æ</span>, <span class="pho">ɪ/i</span>, <span class="pho">ʊ/u</span>, <span class="pho">ɒ/ɔ</span>.
|
||||
> - 短元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 有时用 <span class="pho">ɛ</span> 标注。
|
||||
> - The short vowel <span class="pho">e</span> is sometimes transcribed as <span class="pho">ɛ</span>.
|
||||
> - 短元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> ，由于经常附带着 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>；不带有 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音的时候，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɜ</span>。
|
||||
> - The short vowel <span class="pho">ə</span>, often accompanied by the rhotic <span class="pho">ʳ</span>, is commonly transcribed as <span class="pho">ɚ</span>. When the rhotic sound is absent, <span class="pho">ə</span> is often transcribed as <span class="pho">ɜ</span>.
|
||||
> - 长元音 <span class="pho">əː</span>，同样由于经常附带着 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɝ</span>。
|
||||
> - The long vowel <span class="pho">əː</span>, due to its frequent association with <span class="pho">ʳ</span>, is generally transcribed as <span class="pho">ɝ</span>.
|
||||
> - <span class="pho">ə</span> 结尾的双元音，都用 <span class="pho">r</span>：<span class="pho">ɪə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɪr</span>，<span class="pho">eə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">er</span>，<span class="pho">ʊə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ʊr</span>。
|
||||
> - Diphthongs ending in <span class="pho">ə</span> are represented with <span class="pho">r</span>: <span class="pho">ɪə</span> becomes <span class="pho">ɪr</span>, <span class="pho">eə</span> becomes <span class="pho">er</span>, <span class="pho">ʊə</span> becomes <span class="pho">ʊr</span>.
|
||||
> - 非重音音节中的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 可能会被标注为 <span class="pho">ə</span>。
|
||||
> - The <span class="pho">ɪ</span> in unstressed syllables may be transcribed as <span class="pho">ə</span>.
|
||||
> - 短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 在美式发音中读作 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>，也如此标注，比如，*hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 比 <span class="pho">ʌ/ə</span> 略长一些，比 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 短。
|
||||
> - The short vowel <span class="pho">ɒ</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɑ</span> in American English and is transcribed as such. For example, *hot* is transcribed as <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span>. <span class="pho">ɑ</span> is slightly longer than <span class="pho">ʌ/ə</span> but shorter than <span class="pho">ɑr</span>.
|
||||
> - <span class="pho">t</span> 的弹舌音用 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 标注。
|
||||
> - The flapping <span class="pho">t</span> sound in American English is represented by <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
### `ʌ`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʌ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*but* `/bʌt/`, *chum* `/tʃʌm/`, *cut* `/kʌt/`, *drum* `/drʌm/`, *duck* `/dʌk/`, *fun* `/fʌn/`, *gun* `/ɡʌn/`, *hut* `/hʌt/`, *jump* `/dʒʌmp/`, *luck* `/lʌk/`, *mud* `/mʌd/`, *nut* `/nʌt/`, *pup* `/pʌp/`, *run* `/rʌn/`, *shut* `/ʃʌt/`, *sun* `/sʌn/`, *thug* `/θʌɡ/`, *thus* `/ðʌs/`, *truck* `/trʌk/`, *tut* `/tʌt/`, *vulgar* `/ˈvʌlɡɚ/`, *won* `/wʌn/`, *yum* `/jʌm/`
|
||||
*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span>, *chum* <span class="pho alt">tʃʌm</span>, *cut* <span class="pho alt">kʌt</span>, *drum* <span class="pho alt">drʌm</span>, *duck* <span class="pho alt">dʌk</span>, *fun* <span class="pho alt">fʌn</span>, *gun* <span class="pho alt">ɡʌn</span>, *hut* <span class="pho alt">hʌt</span>, *jump* <span class="pho alt">dʒʌmp</span>, *luck* <span class="pho alt">lʌk</span>, *mud* <span class="pho alt">mʌd</span>, *nut* <span class="pho alt">nʌt</span>, *pup* <span class="pho alt">pʌp</span>, *run* <span class="pho alt">rʌn</span>, *shut* <span class="pho alt">ʃʌt</span>, *sun* <span class="pho alt">sʌn</span>, *thug* <span class="pho alt">θʌɡ</span>, *thus* <span class="pho alt">ðʌs</span>, *truck* <span class="pho alt">trʌk</span>, *tut* <span class="pho alt">tʌt</span>, *vulgar* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlɡɚ</span>, *won* <span class="pho alt">wʌn</span>, *yum* <span class="pho alt">jʌm</span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### `e`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">e</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*bet* `/bet/`, *check* `/tʃek/`, *desk* `/desk/`, *dress* `/dres/`, *fed* `/fed/`, *get* `/ɡet/`, *hen* `/hen/`, *jet* `/dʒet/`, *kept* `/kept/`, *let* `/let/`, *met* `/met/`, *net* `/net/`, *pet* `/pet/`, *red* `/red/`, *set* `/set/`, *shed* `/ʃed/`, *test* `/test/`, *theft* `/θeft/`, *trek* `/trek/`, *vet* `/vet/`, *wet* `/wet/`, *yet* `/jet/`, *zed* `/zed/`
|
||||
*bet* <span class="pho alt">bet</span>, *check* <span class="pho alt">tʃek</span>, *desk* <span class="pho alt">desk</span>, *dress* <span class="pho alt">dres</span>, *fed* <span class="pho alt">fed</span>, *get* <span class="pho alt">ɡet</span>, *hen* <span class="pho alt">hen</span>, *jet* <span class="pho alt">dʒet</span>, *kept* <span class="pho alt">kept</span>, *let* <span class="pho alt">let</span>, *met* <span class="pho alt">met</span>, *net* <span class="pho alt">net</span>, *pet* <span class="pho alt">pet</span>, *red* <span class="pho alt">red</span>, *set* <span class="pho alt">set</span>, *shed* <span class="pho alt">ʃed</span>, *test* <span class="pho alt">test</span>, *theft* <span class="pho alt">θeft</span>, *trek* <span class="pho alt">trek</span>, *vet* <span class="pho alt">vet</span>, *wet* <span class="pho alt">wet</span>, *yet* <span class="pho alt">jet</span>, *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span>
|
||||
|
||||
### `ə`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*ago* `/əˈɡoʊ/`, *button* `/ˈbʌt̬ən/`, *develop* `/dɪˈveləp/`, *dramatic* `/drəˈmæt̬ɪk/`, *expression* `/ɪkˈspreʃən/`, *onion* `/ˈʌnjən/`, *realize* `/ˈriːəlaɪz/`, *standard* `/ˈstændɚd/`, *system* `/ˈsɪstəm/`, *telegram* `/ˈteləɡræm/`
|
||||
*ago* <span class="pho alt">əˈɡoʊ</span>, *button* <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬ən</span>, *develop* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈveləp</span>, *dramatic* <span class="pho alt">drəˈmæt̬ɪk</span>, *expression* <span class="pho alt">ɪkˈspreʃən</span>, *onion* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌnjən</span>, *realize* <span class="pho alt">ˈriːəlaɪz</span>, *standard* <span class="pho alt">ˈstændɚd</span>, *system* <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪstəm</span>, *telegram* <span class="pho alt">ˈteləɡræm</span>
|
||||
|
||||
注意：没有儿化的 `ə` 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。
|
||||
注意：没有儿化的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 在美式英语中，被称作 *schwa*，非重读央元音 —— 即，只出现在非重读音节中。
|
||||
|
||||
### `ɚ`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ɚ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*danger* `/ˈdeɪndʒɚ/`, *freezer* `/ˈfriːzɚ/`, *harder* `/hɑːrdɚ/`, *larger* `/lɑːrdʒɚ/`, *paper* `/ˈpeɪpɚ/`, *server* `/ˈsɝːvɚ/`, *teacher* `/ˈtiːtʃɚ/`, *water* `/ˈwɑːt̬ɚ/`, *worker* `/ˈwɝːkɚ/`
|
||||
*danger* <span class="pho alt">ˈdeɪndʒɚ</span>, *freezer* <span class="pho alt">ˈfriːzɚ</span>, *harder* <span class="pho alt">hɑːrdɚ</span>, *larger* <span class="pho alt">lɑːrdʒɚ</span>, *paper* <span class="pho alt">ˈpeɪpɚ</span>, *server* <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝːvɚ</span>, *teacher* <span class="pho alt">ˈtiːtʃɚ</span>, *water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span>, *worker* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɝːkɚ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
注意：儿化的短元音 `ɚ` 只出现在非重读音节中。
|
||||
注意：儿化的短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 只出现在非重读音节中。
|
||||
|
||||
### `ɪ`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ɪ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*bit* `/bɪt/`, *chip* `/tʃɪp/`, *did* `/dɪd/`, *drill* `/drɪl/`, *gig* `/ɡɪɡ/`, *gin* `/dʒɪn/`, *his* `/hɪz/`, *if* `/ɪf/`, *kick* `/kɪk/`, *lip* `/lɪp/`, *milk* `/mɪlk/`, *nil* `/nɪl/`, *pick* `/pɪk/`, *rip* `/rɪp/`, *ship* `/ʃɪp/`, *sit* `/sɪt/`, *thick* `/θɪk/`, *this* `/ðɪs/`, *tip* `/tɪp/`, *trick* `/trɪk/`, *vivid* `/ˈvɪvɪd/`, *wit* `/wɪ/`, *zip* `/zɪp/`
|
||||
*bit* <span class="pho alt">bɪt</span>, *chip* <span class="pho alt">tʃɪp</span>, *did* <span class="pho alt">dɪd</span>, *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span>, *gig* <span class="pho alt">ɡɪɡ</span>, *gin* <span class="pho alt">dʒɪn</span>, *his* <span class="pho alt">hɪz</span>, *if* <span class="pho alt">ɪf</span>, *kick* <span class="pho alt">kɪk</span>, *lip* <span class="pho alt">lɪp</span>, *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span>, *nil* <span class="pho alt">nɪl</span>, *pick* <span class="pho alt">pɪk</span>, *rip* <span class="pho alt">rɪp</span>, *ship* <span class="pho alt">ʃɪp</span>, *sit* <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span>, *thick* <span class="pho alt">θɪk</span>, *this* <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span>, *tip* <span class="pho alt">tɪp</span>, *trick* <span class="pho alt">trɪk</span>, *vivid* <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪvɪd</span>, *wit* <span class="pho alt">wɪ</span>, *zip* <span class="pho alt">zɪp</span>
|
||||
|
||||
### `ʊ`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʊ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*book* `/bʊk/`, *cook* `/kʊk/`, *foot* `/fʊt/`, *good* `/ɡʊd/`, *put* `/pʊt/`, *should* `/ʃʊd/`, *wood* `/wʊd/`
|
||||
*book* <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span>, *cook* <span class="pho alt">kʊk</span>, *foot* <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span>, *good* <span class="pho alt">ɡʊd</span>, *put* <span class="pho alt">pʊt</span>, *should* <span class="pho alt">ʃʊd</span>, *wood* <span class="pho alt">wʊd</span>
|
||||
|
||||
### `æ`
|
||||
### <span class="pho">æ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
*add* `/æd/`, *bad* `/bæd/`, *cat* `/kæt/`, *chat* `/tʃæt/`, *dad* `/dæd/`, *dad* `/dæd/`, *drag* `/dræɡ/`, *jack* `/dʒæk/`, *fat* `/fæt/`, *gag* `/ɡæɡ/`, *has* `/hæz/`, *lab* `/læb/`, *mad* `/mæd/`, *nap* `/næp/`, *pad* `/pæd/`, *rat* `/ræt/`, *shall* `/ʃæl/`, *task* `/tæsk/`, *thank* `/θæŋk/`, *that* `/ðæt/`, *trash* `/træʃ/`, *vast* `/væst/`, *wag* `/wæɡ/`, *zag* `/zæɡ/`
|
||||
*add* <span class="pho alt">æd</span>, *bad* <span class="pho alt">bæd</span>, *cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span>, *chat* <span class="pho alt">tʃæt</span>, *dad* <span class="pho alt">dæd</span>, *dad* <span class="pho alt">dæd</span>, *drag* <span class="pho alt">dræɡ</span>, *jack* <span class="pho alt">dʒæk</span>, *fat* <span class="pho alt">fæt</span>, *gag* <span class="pho alt">ɡæɡ</span>, *has* <span class="pho alt">hæz</span>, *lab* <span class="pho alt">læb</span>, *mad* <span class="pho alt">mæd</span>, *nap* <span class="pho alt">næp</span>, *pad* <span class="pho alt">pæd</span>, *rat* <span class="pho alt">ræt</span>, *shall* <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span>, *task* <span class="pho alt">tæsk</span>, *thank* <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span>, *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span>, *trash* <span class="pho alt">træʃ</span>, *vast* <span class="pho alt">væst</span>, *wag* <span class="pho alt">wæɡ</span>, *zag* <span class="pho alt">zæɡ</span>
|
||||
@@ -6,27 +6,27 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
|
||||
> <span class="pho alt">ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs</span>
|
||||
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，<span class="pho">c</span> 代表辅音，<span class="pho">v</span> 代表元音）：
|
||||
|
||||
In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English (where `c` stands for consonant and `v` means vowel):
|
||||
In general, there are the following few forms of syllable composition in English (where <span class="pho">c</span> stands for consonant and <span class="pho">v</span> means vowel):
|
||||
|
||||
* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `vc`： *add* `/æd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">v</span>： *awe* <span class="pho alt">ɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">vc</span>： *add* <span class="pho alt">æd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cv</span>： *the* <span class="pho alt">ðə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cvc</span>： *dog* <span class="pho alt">dɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccv</span>： *flee* <span class="pho alt">fliː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">vcc</span>： *east* <span class="pho alt">iːst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cvcc</span>： *task* <span class="pho alt">tæsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccvc</span>： *speed* <span class="pho alt">spiːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccvcc</span>： *thrust* <span class="pho alt">θrʌst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cvccc</span>： *text* <span class="pho alt">tekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccvccc</span>： *flexed* <span class="pho alt">flekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
|
||||
如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
|
||||
|
||||
When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones** - take the word *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>as an example. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.
|
||||
When a word is composed of multiple syllables, for smooth and clear pronunciation that's easily recognizable, one syllable may be stressed -- these are called *primary stresses*. If the word has many syllables, it could also have some *secondary stress*. Normally, **a single primary stress exists in each word**, **but there might be several secondary ones** - take the word *serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/us/serendipity-us-jen.mp3"></span>as an example. That whopping 19-syllable-long leviathan we examined before had 7 instances of secondary stressing to accompany its lone instance of primary stressing.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@
|
||||
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
|
||||
* 除了 `ɪ`、`iː` 之外， 还有一个介乎二者长度之间的 `i`，比如 *happy* `/ˈhæpi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/happy-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/happy-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
* 有些外来语可能有鼻化的元音，会在元音之上标注一个波浪号 `˜`，比如来自法语的 [*penchant*](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/penchant) `/ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃, pɒ̃ŋʃɒ̃ŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/penchant-uk.mp3"></span> ，而大多数美国人会把这个词读作 `ˈ/pɛnʧənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/penchant-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
* 除了 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">iː</span> 之外， 还有一个介乎二者长度之间的 <span class="pho">i</span>，比如 *happy* <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/happy-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/happy-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
* 有些外来语可能有鼻化的元音，会在元音之上标注一个波浪号 <span class="pho">˜</span>，比如来自法语的 [*penchant*](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/penchant) <span class="pho alt">ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃, pɒ̃ŋʃɒ̃ŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/penchant-uk.mp3"></span> ，而大多数美国人会把这个词读作 <span class="pho">ˈ/pɛnʧənt/</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/penchant-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
在 D.J. 的某些版本里， `əʊ`，也被写作`oʊ` —— 所以现在也有一些词典用的是 `oʊ`。我的个人看法是，写作 `əʊ` 相对更合理，因为 `o` 并没有在 6 个基础音素里出现过。
|
||||
在 D.J. 的某些版本里， <span class="pho">əʊ</span>，也被写作<span class="pho">oʊ</span> —— 所以现在也有一些词典用的是 <span class="pho">oʊ</span>。我的个人看法是，写作 <span class="pho">əʊ</span> 相对更合理，因为 <span class="pho">o</span> 并没有在 6 个基础音素里出现过。
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
::: info
|
||||
有时你会看到三种颜色的小喇叭图标，暗红色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="null-file.mp3"></span>、浅蓝色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="null-file.mp3"></span>，或者黑色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="null-file.mp3"></span>，用鼠标点击它可以听音频播放。比如，*happy* `/ˈhæpi/` —— 暗红色喇叭<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/happy-uk.mp3"></span>是英式发音；浅蓝色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/happy-us.mp3"></span>是美式发音；黑色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/happy-zh-liaoning.mp3"></span>是其他口音。
|
||||
:::
|
||||
有时你会看到三种颜色的小喇叭图标，暗红色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="null-file.mp3"></span>、浅蓝色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="null-file.mp3"></span>，或者黑色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="null-file.mp3"></span>，用鼠标点击它可以听音频播放。比如，*happy* <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span> —— 暗红色喇叭<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/happy-uk.mp3"></span>是英式发音；浅蓝色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/happy-us.mp3"></span>是美式发音；黑色<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/happy-zh-liaoning.mp3"></span>是其他口音。
|
||||
:::
|
||||
@@ -52,6 +52,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
::: info
|
||||
|
||||
* 有些词典不认为 `ts`、`dz` 是独立的辅音。
|
||||
* 有些词典不认为 <span class="pho">ts</span>、<span class="pho">dz</span> 是独立的辅音。
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
|
||||
|
||||
关于美式发音的音标标注，可以大致总结为以下几点：
|
||||
|
||||
> * 短元音 `ʌ` 变得与 `ə` 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 `ə` 替代。比如，*but* `/bʌt/` 直接被标注为 `/bət/`。
|
||||
> * 长短元音不统一使用 `ː` 区分，而是`ə/ɑ`、`ə/ɜ`、`ɚ/ɝ`、 `e/æ`、`ɪ/i`、`ʊ/u`、`ɒ/ɔ`。
|
||||
> * 短元音 `e` 有时用 `ɛ` 标注。
|
||||
> * 短元音 `ə` ，由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɚ`；不带有 `ʳ` 音的时候，被标注为 `ɜ`。
|
||||
> * 长元音 `əː`，同样由于经常附带着 `ʳ` 音，常常被标注为 `ɝ`。
|
||||
> * `ə` 结尾的双元音，都用 `r`：`ɪə` ⭢ `ɪr`，`eə` ⭢ `er`，`ʊə` ⭢ `ʊr`。
|
||||
> * 非重音音节中的 `ɪ` 可能会被标注为 `ə`。
|
||||
> * 短元音 `ɒ` 在美式发音中读作 `ɑ`，也如此标注，比如，*hot* `/hɑt/`。
|
||||
> * `t` 的弹舌音用 `t̬` 标注。
|
||||
> * 短元音 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 变得与 <span class="pho">ə</span> 非常接近，甚至常常直接被 <span class="pho">ə</span> 替代。比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> 直接被标注为 <span class="pho alt">bət</span>。
|
||||
> * 长短元音不统一使用 <span class="pho">ː</span> 区分，而是<span class="pho">ə/ɑ</span>、<span class="pho">ə/ɜ</span>、<span class="pho">ɚ/ɝ</span>、 <span class="pho">e/æ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ/i</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ/u</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ/ɔ</span>。
|
||||
> * 短元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 有时用 <span class="pho">ɛ</span> 标注。
|
||||
> * 短元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> ，由于经常附带着 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>；不带有 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音的时候，被标注为 <span class="pho">ɜ</span>。
|
||||
> * 长元音 <span class="pho">əː</span>，同样由于经常附带着 <span class="pho">ʳ</span> 音，常常被标注为 <span class="pho">ɝ</span>。
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ə</span> 结尾的双元音，都用 <span class="pho">r</span>：<span class="pho">ɪə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɪr</span>，<span class="pho">eə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">er</span>，<span class="pho">ʊə</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ʊr</span>。
|
||||
> * 非重音音节中的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 可能会被标注为 <span class="pho">ə</span>。
|
||||
> * 短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 在美式发音中读作 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>，也如此标注，比如，*hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span>。
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t</span> 的弹舌音用 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 标注。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，总体上来看，说短元音的时候，英国人相对于美国人更加短促 —— 虽然不是特别明显。不妨比较一下：but `/bʌt, bət/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/but-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/but-us.mp3"></span>, text `/tekst, tɛkst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/text-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>, sit `/sɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/sit-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/sit-us.mp3"></span>, book `/bʊk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/book-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/book-us.mp3"></span>, hot `/hɒt, hɑt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hot-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hot-us.mp3"></span> ……
|
||||
另外，总体上来看，说短元音的时候，英国人相对于美国人更加短促 —— 虽然不是特别明显。不妨比较一下：but <span class="pho alt">bʌt, bət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/but-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/but-us.mp3"></span>, text <span class="pho alt">tekst, tɛkst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/text-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>, sit <span class="pho alt">sɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/sit-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/sit-us.mp3"></span>, book <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/book-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/book-us.mp3"></span>, hot <span class="pho alt">hɒt, hɑt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hot-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hot-us.mp3"></span> ……
|
||||
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> Jane, a dramatic young girl, loves to read books at leisure in rooms or play on a sunny day outdoor here and there under the trees with boys. She vowed to buy a red ear dog. She thought it was unique, for sure. Now she feeds it dough, nuts, and cheese bar.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> `/dʒeɪn, ə drəˈmætɪk jʌŋ gəː(r)l, lʌvz tuː riːd bʊks æt ˈliːʒə(r) ɪn rumz ɔː(r) pleɪ ɒŋ ə ˈsʌni deɪ ˈaʊtˌdɔr hiə(r) ənd ðeə ˈʌndə(r) ðə triz wɪθ bɔɪz. ʃiː vaʊd tʊ baɪ ə red ɪə(r) dɒg. ʃiː θɒt ɪt wɒz juˈniːk, fə(r) ʃʊə(r). naʊ ʃiː fiːdz ɪt dəʊ, nʌts, ənd tʃiːz bɑː(r)./`
|
||||
> <span class="pho alt">dʒeɪn, ə drəˈmætɪk jʌŋ gəː(r)l, lʌvz tuː riːd bʊks æt ˈliːʒə(r) ɪn rumz ɔː(r) pleɪ ɒŋ ə ˈsʌni deɪ ˈaʊtˌdɔr hiə(r) ənd ðeə ˈʌndə(r) ðə triz wɪθ bɔɪz. ʃiː vaʊd tʊ baɪ ə red ɪə(r) dɒg. ʃiː θɒt ɪt wɒz juˈniːk, fə(r) ʃʊə(r). naʊ ʃiː fiːdz ɪt dəʊ, nʌts, ənd tʃiːz bɑː(r).</span>
|
||||
|
||||
Voice: Alloy (US Male)
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Voice: Nova (US Female)
|
||||
|
||||
> <audio controls><source src="/audios/phonetic-pangram-nova.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element.</source></audio>
|
||||
|
||||
注意，以上的 *Pangram* 也包括 `tr`、`dr`、`ts` 和 `dz`。
|
||||
注意，以上的 *Pangram* 也包括 <span class="pho">tr</span>、<span class="pho">dr</span>、<span class="pho">ts</span> 和 <span class="pho">dz</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
::: info
|
||||
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ Voice: Nova (US Female)
|
||||
-----
|
||||
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
音素在自然语流中经常会有变化，比如，*on a sunny day* 中的 *on* `/ɒŋ/`，由于后面紧跟着一个元音，所以，会被读成 `/ɒn/` —— 也就是说，`ŋ` 变成了 `n`（[2.2.3](15-mn)）……
|
||||
音素在自然语流中经常会有变化，比如，*on a sunny day* 中的 *on* <span class="pho alt">ɒŋ</span>，由于后面紧跟着一个元音，所以，会被读成 <span class="pho alt">ɒn</span> —— 也就是说，<span class="pho">ŋ</span> 变成了 <span class="pho">n</span>（[2.2.3](15-mn)）……
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: 所谓 *pangram*，指的是一个尽可能短的包含所有字母的句子。*The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.* 就是大家练打字的时候都用过的经典 *pangram*。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -12,4 +12,3 @@
|
||||
* **辅音**这个概念，对应着中文里的**声母**，日韩的**子音**
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -6,23 +6,23 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
>
|
||||
> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
|
||||
> <span class="pho alt">ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs</span>
|
||||
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
|
||||
英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，<span class="pho">c</span> 代表辅音，<span class="pho">v</span> 代表元音）：
|
||||
|
||||
* `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `vc`： *add* `/æd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cv`： *the* `/ðə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">v</span>： *awe* <span class="pho alt">ɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">vc</span>： *add* <span class="pho alt">æd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cv</span>： *the* <span class="pho alt">ðə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cvc</span>： *dog* <span class="pho alt">dɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccv</span>： *flee* <span class="pho alt">fliː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">vcc</span>： *east* <span class="pho alt">iːst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cvcc</span>： *task* <span class="pho alt">tæsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccvc</span>： *speed* <span class="pho alt">spiːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccvcc</span>： *thrust* <span class="pho alt">θrʌst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">cvccc</span>： *text* <span class="pho alt">tekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ccvccc</span>： *flexed* <span class="pho alt">flekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
|
||||
如果一个单词由多个音节构成的话，那么为了能够读得顺畅、清晰且易于识别，那么其中可能会有某个音节是**重音**；如果音节数量更多，可能还会有某个或某些音节是**次重音**。一般来说，**一个词汇只有一个重音**，**但有可能存在多个次重音**。比如 *serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpɪti</span>。之前的那个 *19* 个音节构成的词汇，其中有 *7* 个**次重音**，*1* 个**重音**。
|
||||
|
||||
从音节长度上来看，与大多数亚洲语言相比：
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -32,4 +32,4 @@
|
||||
|
||||
这是元音之间的比较，我们再看看辅音之间的比较。
|
||||
|
||||
亚洲语言的音节几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，上面列表中的最后一个例子，*flexed*, `/flekst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/flexed-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span> ，整体只是一个音节，可即便这一个音节中的元音 `e` 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。
|
||||
亚洲语言的音节几乎没有两个辅音作为开头的情况，在英文中这种情况却非常普遍。亚洲语言的音节同样没有两三个辅音作为结尾并且还要发声清晰的情况，在英文中这种情况同样非常普遍。每个辅音都要发声清晰的话，就会占用一定的时长。比如，上面列表中的最后一个例子，*flexed*, <span class="pho alt">flekst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/flexed-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span> ，整体只是一个音节，可即便这一个音节中的元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 是短元音，整体发声时它也比任何一个亚洲语言中的 “字”（同样是一个音节）都长。
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# 2.1. 元音
|
||||
|
||||
流行的教科书里通常不会把 `æ` 列为长元音，可能是因为 D.J. 音标在 1917 年最初发表的时候，[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 并没有为它加上一个长元音符号，不是 `æː`, 而是 `æ`，这也很容易理解，毕竟 `æ` 已经和 `e` 看起来已经并不相同…… 但，无论如何，`æ` 的确是短元音 `e` 的更长版本。
|
||||
流行的教科书里通常不会把 <span class="pho">æ</span> 列为长元音，可能是因为 D.J. 音标在 1917 年最初发表的时候，[Daniel Jones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)) 并没有为它加上一个长元音符号，不是 <span class="pho">æː</span>, 而是 <span class="pho">æ</span>，这也很容易理解，毕竟 <span class="pho">æ</span> 已经和 <span class="pho">e</span> 看起来已经并不相同…… 但，无论如何，<span class="pho">æ</span> 的确是短元音 <span class="pho">e</span> 的更长版本。
|
||||
|
||||
`ʌ, e, ə, ɪ, ʊ, ɒ` 这 *6* 个短元音，就是英文元音基础元音，它们就好像是 “根” 一样，因为剩下 *16* 个元音要么是它们**略有变化**的更长版本，即，长元音 —— `ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː`，要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ʌ, e, ə, ɪ, ʊ, ɒ</span> 这 *6* 个短元音，就是英文元音基础元音，它们就好像是 “根” 一样，因为剩下 *16* 个元音要么是它们**略有变化**的更长版本，即，长元音 —— <span class="pho">ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː</span>，要么是它们的组合版本，即，双元音 —— <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,9 +10,8 @@
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
上文中所谓的**略有变化**，指的是，`ʌ/ɑː`、`e/æ`、`ɪ/iː`、`ə/əː`、`ʊ/uː`、`ɒ/ɔː` 这六组对应的短元音和长元音，从细节上来看，其实都不是同一个音的长短不同的两个版本 —— 它们在发声时口腔内气流共鸣位置都各不相同。
|
||||
上文中所谓的**略有变化**，指的是，<span class="pho">ʌ/ɑː</span>、<span class="pho">e/æ</span>、<span class="pho">ɪ/iː</span>、<span class="pho">ə/əː</span>、<span class="pho">ʊ/uː</span>、<span class="pho">ɒ/ɔː</span> 这六组对应的短元音和长元音，从细节上来看，其实都不是同一个音的长短不同的两个版本 —— 它们在发声时口腔内气流共鸣位置都各不相同。
|
||||
|
||||
长元音相对于短元音更长，双元音相当于长元音的长度。然而，在实际的自然语音里，首先，长元音和双元音到底多长并没有统一标准；其次，随着讲话者的强调方式，元音长短可能会发生变化。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，`ɪ` 和 `ʊ` 这两个基础音素实际上总计有 3 个长短不一的版本，分别是 `ɪ/i/iː` 和 ` ʊ/u/uː`（[1.1](01-phonemes#_1-1-元音)）。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 这两个基础音素实际上总计有 3 个长短不一的版本，分别是 <span class="pho">ɪ/i/iː</span> 和 <span class="pho"> ʊ/u/uː</span>（[1.1](01-phonemes#_1-1-元音)）。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -18,14 +18,13 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> **凡是和母语发声方式不一样的地方，就是语音塑造的重点**。
|
||||
|
||||
怎么做呢？仔细听以下 3 个 `ɑ` 音的不同变体，随后多揣摩多尝试（音频来自 [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel)）就会了：
|
||||
怎么做呢？仔细听以下 3 个 <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 音的不同变体，随后多揣摩多尝试（音频来自 [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel)）就会了：
|
||||
|
||||
* `ɑ` 气流共鸣位置靠前<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/ɑ-01-PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 气流共鸣位置靠前<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/ɑ-01-PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
* `ɑ` 气流共鸣位置居中<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/ɑ-02-Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
* `ɑ` 气流共鸣位置靠后<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/ɑ-03-Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 气流共鸣位置居中<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/ɑ-02-Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
* <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 气流共鸣位置靠后<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/ɑ-03-Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.2. `ʌ`/`ɑː`
|
||||
# 2.1.2. <span class="pho">ʌ</span>/<span class="pho">ɑː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
美国人在发 `ʌ` 这个音的时候，干脆完全是 `ə`。也就是说，对美国人来说，短元音只剩下了 *5* 个，而不是英国人习惯的 *6* 个。
|
||||
美国人在发 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 这个音的时候，干脆完全是 <span class="pho">ə</span>。也就是说，对美国人来说，短元音只剩下了 *5* 个，而不是英国人习惯的 *6* 个。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，*encourage* 这个词，英国人读作 `ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/encourage-uk.mp3"></span>，美国人读作 `ənˈkərɪdʒ` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/encourage-us.mp3"></span>—— 他们更倾向于把一些非重音音节里的 `ɪ` 读作 `ə`。
|
||||
比如，*encourage* 这个词，英国人读作 <span class="pho">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/encourage-uk.mp3"></span>，美国人读作 <span class="pho">ənˈkərɪdʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/encourage-us.mp3"></span>—— 他们更倾向于把一些非重音音节里的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 读作 <span class="pho">ə</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
美国人在这个长元音 `ɑː` 的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `r`，常常用 `ɑr` 或者 `ɑʳ` 标注。比如 *card* `/kɑːd, kɑrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/card-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/card-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
美国人在这个长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 <span class="pho">r</span>，常常用 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">ɑʳ</span> 标注。比如 *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːd, kɑrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/card-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/card-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，在大多数美国人的发音习惯中，`ɑː` 对应的短版本 `ɑ`，相当于是英式发音中的 `ɒ`，比如 *hot* `/hɒt, hɑt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hot-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hot-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，在大多数美国人的发音习惯中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 对应的短版本 <span class="pho">ɑ</span>，相当于是英式发音中的 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>，比如 *hot* <span class="pho alt">hɒt, hɑt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hot-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hot-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.3. `e`/`æ`
|
||||
# 2.1.3. <span class="pho">e</span>/<span class="pho">æ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
有些词典，针对美式发音，常常会用 `ɛ` 标注 `e` 这个音。
|
||||
有些词典，针对美式发音，常常会用 <span class="pho">ɛ</span> 标注 <span class="pho">e</span> 这个音。
|
||||
|
||||
`æ` 相当于是 `e` 的更长版本。虽然 `æ` 后面没有长元音符号 `ː`。但，它其实应该算作 “长元音”。亚洲人在读这个音的时候，都能做到把嘴巴张得更大一点，但，都会不由自主地将它读成更短的版本。这里有两个要点:
|
||||
<span class="pho">æ</span> 相当于是 <span class="pho">e</span> 的更长版本。虽然 <span class="pho">æ</span> 后面没有长元音符号 <span class="pho">ː</span>。但，它其实应该算作 “长元音”。亚洲人在读这个音的时候，都能做到把嘴巴张得更大一点，但，都会不由自主地将它读成更短的版本。这里有两个要点:
|
||||
|
||||
> 1. 音拉长一点
|
||||
> 2. 嘴张大一点
|
||||
|
||||
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* `ˈæpəl`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/apple-us.mp3"></span>，*banana* `bəˈnænə`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/banana-us.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 `æ` 拉得更长一点。
|
||||
其中，第一个要点相对更为重要。你可以多试试这两个词，*apple* <span class="pho">ˈæpəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/apple-us.mp3"></span>，*banana* <span class="pho">bəˈnænə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/banana-us.mp3"></span>，并刻意把其中的 <span class="pho">æ</span> 拉得更长一点。
|
||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.4. `ə`/`əː`
|
||||
# 2.1.4. <span class="pho">ə</span>/<span class="pho">əː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
美国人在读这两个音的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 `ʳ`，但，也不是每一次都会加上 `ʳ`。初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到这两个音就加上 `ʳ`，比如，可能会把 *focus*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/focus-us.mp3"></span>错读成 `fəʊkəʳs`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
美国人在读这两个音的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 <span class="pho">ʳ</span>，但，也不是每一次都会加上 <span class="pho">ʳ</span>。初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到这两个音就加上 <span class="pho">ʳ</span>，比如，可能会把 *focus*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/focus-us.mp3"></span>错读成 <span class="pho">fəʊkəʳs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
有些词典，常常会用 `ɜ` 标注 `ə` 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，`əʳ` 会被写成 `ɚ`，`əːʳ` 会被写成 `ɜː` 或者 `ɝ`。
|
||||
有些词典，常常会用 <span class="pho">ɜ</span> 标注 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，<span class="pho">əʳ</span> 会被写成 <span class="pho">ɚ</span>，<span class="pho">əːʳ</span> 会被写成 <span class="pho">ɜː</span> 或者 <span class="pho">ɝ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə` 的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/individual-us.mp3"></span> —— `jʊ` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `ʊ` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`（[2.2.13](25-jw)）…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/individual-us.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">jʊ</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">w</span>（[2.2.13](25-jw)）…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
|
||||
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.5. `ɪ`/`iː`
|
||||
# 2.1.5. <span class="pho">ɪ</span>/<span class="pho">iː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
这一对元音，不只是长短的区别。 `ɪ` 常常被认为实际上并不完全是长元音 `iː` 的更短版本，它更像是 `e` 和 `i` 之间的一个音，发声时 “口腔内气流共鸣位置” 相对于 `iː` 略微靠后。听起来很像是更短版本的 `eɪ`……
|
||||
这一对元音，不只是长短的区别。 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 常常被认为实际上并不完全是长元音 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的更短版本，它更像是 <span class="pho">e</span> 和 <span class="pho">i</span> 之间的一个音，发声时 “口腔内气流共鸣位置” 相对于 <span class="pho">iː</span> 略微靠后。听起来很像是更短版本的 <span class="pho">eɪ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，`ɪ` 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 `iː` 这个长元音的更短版本，`i`，长度介于 `ɪ` 和 `iː` 之间。比如，*responsibility* `/riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/responsibility-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/responsibility-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，这个音实际上还有第 3 个版本，<span class="pho">ɪ</span> 在词汇末尾的时候，更倾向于像是 <span class="pho">iː</span> 这个长元音的更短版本，<span class="pho">i</span>，长度介于 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 和 <span class="pho">iː</span> 之间。比如，*responsibility* <span class="pho alt">riˌspɑnsəˈbɪləti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/responsibility-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/responsibility-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
::: info
|
||||
|
||||
Daniel Jones 去世之后，Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作，于 1977 年发布了 D.J. 音标第 14 版。引入 `ɪ ʊ ɒ ɜː` 等符号取代之前使用的 `i u ɔ əː`。1997 年，Peter Roach 再次接手，*English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*) 更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*)，并发布 D.J. 音标第 15 版。除了引入能够标注美式发音的 `ɝ, ɚ, t̬` 之外， 还特意修改了词汇末尾的 `ɪ`，将其统一改成了 `i`。也就是说，*happy* 不再被标注为 `ˈhæpɪ`，而是 `ˈhæpi`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/happy-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/happy-us.mp3"></span>。与此同时，大多数词典所配的真人发音示范，都相应第做了修订。
|
||||
Daniel Jones 去世之后，Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作，于 1977 年发布了 D.J. 音标第 14 版。引入 <span class="pho">ɪ ʊ ɒ ɜː</span> 等符号取代之前使用的 <span class="pho">i u ɔ əː</span>。1997 年，Peter Roach 再次接手，*English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*EPD*) 更名为 *Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary* (*CEPD*)，并发布 D.J. 音标第 15 版。除了引入能够标注美式发音的 <span class="pho">ɝ, ɚ, t̬</span> 之外， 还特意修改了词汇末尾的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，将其统一改成了 <span class="pho">i</span>。也就是说，*happy* 不再被标注为 <span class="pho">ˈhæpɪ</span>，而是 <span class="pho">ˈhæpi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/happy-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/happy-us.mp3"></span>。与此同时，大多数词典所配的真人发音示范，都相应第做了修订。
|
||||
|
||||
:::
|
||||
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.6. `ʊ`/`uː`
|
||||
# 2.1.6. <span class="pho">ʊ</span>/<span class="pho">uː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
这一对元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。只有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 `uː` 相对于短元音`ʊ` 嘴形缩得更小，嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。
|
||||
这一对元音，地球上的任何语言都用，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家读起来都不费劲。只有一个细节值得注意，英文里长元音 <span class="pho">uː</span> 相对于短元音<span class="pho">ʊ</span> 嘴形缩得更小，嘴唇相对更加略微凸出。
|
||||
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.7. `ɔ`/`ɔː`
|
||||
# 2.1.7. <span class="pho">ɔ</span>/<span class="pho">ɔː</span>
|
||||
|
||||
这一对元音在发声的时候，嘴唇动作非常明显，嘴唇得形成一个小的圆形之后开始发音。另外，`ɔː` 可能会被美国人读成 `ɔʳ` ，更像是双元音 `ɔəʳ` —— 但，再一次，还是不一定都如此，需要逐个核对。
|
||||
这一对元音在发声的时候，嘴唇动作非常明显，嘴唇得形成一个小的圆形之后开始发音。另外，<span class="pho">ɔː</span> 可能会被美国人读成 <span class="pho">ɔʳ</span> ，更像是双元音 <span class="pho">ɔəʳ</span> —— 但，再一次，还是不一定都如此，需要逐个核对。
|
||||
|
||||
::: info
|
||||
D.J. 音标最初的时候短元音用 `ɔ`，长元音用 `ɔː`；但后来短元音 `ɔ` 开始使用笔划上闭口的 `ɒ`，长元音依然使用带着长音符号且笔划上开口的 `ɔː`。
|
||||
D.J. 音标最初的时候短元音用 <span class="pho">ɔ</span>，长元音用 <span class="pho">ɔː</span>；但后来短元音 <span class="pho">ɔ</span> 开始使用笔划上闭口的 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>，长元音依然使用带着长音符号且笔划上开口的 <span class="pho">ɔː</span>。
|
||||
:::
|
||||
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# 2.1.8. `aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə`
|
||||
# 2.1.8. <span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
亚洲语系基本上都没有和英文一样的双元音。韩文日文的母音和中文的韵母虽然都有少数由两个基础音素构成的组合音，但，它们和英文的双元音不同的地方在于，它们都是和其它韵母或者母音等长的，而不是像英文双元音的长度那样几乎是短元音的两倍。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，当中国人说 “太累了” <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/太累了-zh-cn-female.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>的时候，“太”（`tài`）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 `aɪ`；“累”（`lèi`）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 `eɪ`…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是更长。
|
||||
比如，当中国人说 “太累了” <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/太累了-zh-cn-female.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/太累了-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>的时候，“太”（<span class="pho">tài</span>）这个字的 “韵母” 就很接近英文的双元音 <span class="pho">aɪ</span>；“累”（<span class="pho">lèi</span>）这个字的韵母就很接近英文的双元音 <span class="pho">eɪ</span>…… 但，它们很不一样，英文的双元音就是更长。
|
||||
|
||||
英文的双元音，都是两个元音的组合。它们都是从第一个元音滑向第二个元音，所以，它们从长度上来看，相当于是长元音；节奏在感觉上大抵是乐谱里的 “一拍里均放着三个等长音符的三连音”，前一个基础音素更长一些，后一个基础音素相对较短。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,4 +10,4 @@
|
||||
|
||||
亚洲人常常会把所有双元音都读成单元音的长度。不仅如此，他们也常常会不由自主地把很多长元音也读成相应更短的版本。这是因为在亚洲语系往往以字（而不是词）为最小单位，而后，每个字都是单音节，每个音节里的元音（比如，中文中的 “韵母”）都是等长的。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，有 3 个双元音里有 `ʊ` 这个音，`aʊ, əʊ, ʊə` —— 若是不配合着嘴唇的动作，就读不准它们。而剩下的 5 个双元音，`aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, eə, ɪə` 都是在嘴唇几乎不动的情况下完成的，全靠喉咙部位的动作。
|
||||
另外，有 3 个双元音里有 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 这个音，<span class="pho">aʊ, əʊ, ʊə</span> —— 若是不配合着嘴唇的动作，就读不准它们。而剩下的 5 个双元音，<span class="pho">aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, eə, ɪə</span> 都是在嘴唇几乎不动的情况下完成的，全靠喉咙部位的动作。
|
||||
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.1. `p, b, m, n, f, k, g, h`
|
||||
# 2.2.1. <span class="pho">p, b, m, n, f, k, g, h</span>
|
||||
|
||||
这几个辅音，中国人读得都很正确，因为它们在两种语言里的发声方式都差不多。
|
||||
|
||||
但中国大陆地区的人也有个小问题。因为小时候学过中文拼音，习惯了这么读这些声母的：`bo, po, mo, fo, ge, ke, he, ne`，写作 D.J. 音标的话，就是，`bə, pə, mə, fə, gə, kə, hə，nə`……
|
||||
但中国大陆地区的人也有个小问题。因为小时候学过中文拼音，习惯了这么读这些声母的：<span class="pho">bo, po, mo, fo, ge, ke, he, ne</span>，写作 D.J. 音标的话，就是，<span class="pho">bə, pə, mə, fə, gə, kə, hə，nə</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
于是，老的习惯一不小心就会冲进新学的语言，总是不由自主地在这些音后面加上一个 `ə`…… 比如，很多人总是把 *please* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/please-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/please-us.mp3"></span>读得听起来像是 *police* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/police-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/police-us.mp3"></span>的第一个音节……
|
||||
于是，老的习惯一不小心就会冲进新学的语言，总是不由自主地在这些音后面加上一个 <span class="pho">ə</span>…… 比如，很多人总是把 *please* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/please-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/please-us.mp3"></span>读得听起来像是 *police* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/police-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/police-us.mp3"></span>的第一个音节……
|
||||
|
||||
如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 `ə` 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 `ɤ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/ɤ-Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 用这个 `ɤ` 音替代那个不应该有的 `ə`，效果也还不错。
|
||||
如果发现自己总是不小心在这些辅音后加上不应该有的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的话，不妨新学一个英文中没有的元音 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/ɤ-Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 用这个 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 音替代那个不应该有的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，效果也还不错。
|
||||
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
关于 `ɤ`，你可以尝试一下用 *academically* 这个 6 个音节的词汇仔细体会一下。
|
||||
关于 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，你可以尝试一下用 *academically* 这个 6 个音节的词汇仔细体会一下。
|
||||
|
||||
词典里，它的音标标注一般是：`/ˌækəˈdemɪk(ə)li/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/academically-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/academically-us.mp3"></span>—— `k` 后面的 `ə` 带着括号的意思是说，它 “可有可无” —— 所以，你可以把它读成 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkli/` 或者 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkəli/`。未经矫正的带有明显中国口音的人，可能会把 `ə` 误读成 `əu`，也就是 `/ˌækəˈdemɪkəuli/`…… 不过，
|
||||
词典里，它的音标标注一般是：<span class="pho alt">ˌækəˈdemɪk(ə)li</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/academically-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/academically-us.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho">k</span> 后面的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 带着括号的意思是说，它 “可有可无” —— 所以，你可以把它读成 <span class="pho alt">ˌækəˈdemɪkli</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˌækəˈdemɪkəli</span>。未经矫正的带有明显中国口音的人，可能会把 <span class="pho">ə</span> 误读成 <span class="pho">əu</span>，也就是 <span class="pho alt">ˌækəˈdemɪkəuli</span>…… 不过，
|
||||
|
||||
无论哪种情况，如果你把 `ə` 直接改成很轻的 `ɤ` —— `/ˌækəˈdemɪkɤli/` —— 听起来就是全无口音的状态。甚至，你还可以试试 `/ˌækɤˈdemɪkɤli/`，也就是说，把两个 `ə` 都变成 `ɤ`，再感觉一下。
|
||||
无论哪种情况，如果你把 <span class="pho">ə</span> 直接改成很轻的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> —— <span class="pho alt">ˌækəˈdemɪkɤli</span> —— 听起来就是全无口音的状态。甚至，你还可以试试 <span class="pho alt">ˌækɤˈdemɪkɤli</span>，也就是说，把两个 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都变成 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，再感觉一下。
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
`ɤ` 和 `ə` 的重点差别在于，`ɤ` 发声时，口腔内气流共鸣位置很靠前，且相当轻微；`ə` 发声时，口腔内气流共鸣位置靠后，相对声音略大且更为清楚。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ɤ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的重点差别在于，<span class="pho">ɤ</span> 发声时，口腔内气流共鸣位置很靠前，且相当轻微；<span class="pho">ə</span> 发声时，口腔内气流共鸣位置靠后，相对声音略大且更为清楚。
|
||||
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.2. `f`, `v`
|
||||
# 2.2.2. <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">v</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`f` 这个辅音，对中文普通话的使用者来说毫不费力，因为中文普通话里有这个声母。
|
||||
<span class="pho">f</span> 这个辅音，对中文普通话的使用者来说毫不费力，因为中文普通话里有这个声母。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，这个清辅音 `f` 的浊辅音版本，`v`，就是中文普通话里没有的了。所以需要 “新学” 并且还得 “专门练习”，不能用近似的 `w` 替代 `v`。比如，不能把 *every* 读成 `/ˈewərɪ/`。朝鲜语也没有这两个音，所以韩国人常常会用 `p` 替代 `f`，把 *photo* 读成 `/ˈpɔtɔ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span>；也常常会用 `b` 替代，把 *video* 读成 `/ˈbɪdiəʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
但是，这个清辅音 <span class="pho">f</span> 的浊辅音版本，<span class="pho">v</span>，就是中文普通话里没有的了。所以需要 “新学” 并且还得 “专门练习”，不能用近似的 <span class="pho">w</span> 替代 <span class="pho">v</span>。比如，不能把 *every* 读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈewərɪ</span>。朝鲜语也没有这两个音，所以韩国人常常会用 <span class="pho">p</span> 替代 <span class="pho">f</span>，把 *photo* 读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɔtɔ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span>；也常常会用 <span class="pho">b</span> 替代，把 *video* 读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈbɪdiəʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
`f` 和 `v` 可能对中国南部地区的一些人会造成困难。需要反复练习一个原本生活里没用过的发声方式：**上牙齿接触下嘴唇之后再开始发音**。
|
||||
<span class="pho">f</span> 和 <span class="pho">v</span> 可能对中国南部地区的一些人会造成困难。需要反复练习一个原本生活里没用过的发声方式：**上牙齿接触下嘴唇之后再开始发音**。
|
||||
|
||||
事实上，有研究表明，**母语中<u>不存在的音</u>**和**母语中<u>存在类似音</u>** 相比，学习前者更加容易[^1]。这和人们的感觉相反。因为前者只要靠生学硬练就可以了，但遇到后者，人们常常会神不知鬼不觉地借用自己母语中存在的类似音。所以，绝不能养成用近似音替代的习惯。千万不要误以为自己永远发不出某个音，只要不断尝试，早晚可以做到。
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Flege, J. (1995). "Second language speech learning: Theory, findings and problems". In Winifred Strange (ed.). *Speech perception and linguistic experience: Theoretical and methodological issues*. Baltimore: York Press. pp. 233–277
|
||||
[^1]: Flege, J. (1995). "Second language speech learning: Theory, findings and problems". In Winifred Strange (ed.). *Speech perception and linguistic experience: Theoretical and methodological issues*. Baltimore: York Press. pp. 233–277
|
||||
@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.3. `m, n, ŋ`
|
||||
# 2.2.3. <span class="pho">m, n, ŋ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`m` 在音节末尾的情况，对中文普通话使用者来说，基本没有任何难度。
|
||||
<span class="pho">m</span> 在音节末尾的情况，对中文普通话使用者来说，基本没有任何难度。
|
||||
|
||||
只是，少数人可能会在 `m` 后面不小心加上一个嘴巴略微张开声带轻微振动的很短的 `ʊ` —— 应该是读中文拼音养成的习惯。比如，他们会把 *room* 读成 `/ruːmʊ/`……
|
||||
只是，少数人可能会在 <span class="pho">m</span> 后面不小心加上一个嘴巴略微张开声带轻微振动的很短的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> —— 应该是读中文拼音养成的习惯。比如，他们会把 *room* 读成 <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
`m` 后面跟着 `f` 的时候，由于 `f` 要上牙齿咬着下嘴唇发声，前面的 `m` 常常自然读成 `n`，比如 *comfort*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/comfort-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/comfort-us.mp3"></span>, *pamphlet*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/pamphlet-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/pamphlet-us.mp3"></span>, *triumph*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/triumph-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/triumph-us.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
<span class="pho">m</span> 后面跟着 <span class="pho">f</span> 的时候，由于 <span class="pho">f</span> 要上牙齿咬着下嘴唇发声，前面的 <span class="pho">m</span> 常常自然读成 <span class="pho">n</span>，比如 *comfort*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/comfort-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/comfort-us.mp3"></span>, *pamphlet*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/pamphlet-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/pamphlet-us.mp3"></span>, *triumph*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/triumph-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/triumph-us.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
能准确说中文普通话的人，也都可以分清楚音节末尾的前鼻音 `n` 和后鼻音 `ŋ` 之间的区别。对中国南部地区的一些人就困难了，他们说普通话的时候就分不清楚前鼻音和后鼻音，比如，“英雄”，会被说成 `yīn xión`，而不是 `yīng xióng`。这没什么别的办法，只能硬逼着自己生学硬练后鼻音的发声方式。
|
||||
能准确说中文普通话的人，也都可以分清楚音节末尾的前鼻音 <span class="pho">n</span> 和后鼻音 <span class="pho">ŋ</span> 之间的区别。对中国南部地区的一些人就困难了，他们说普通话的时候就分不清楚前鼻音和后鼻音，比如，“英雄”，会被说成 <span class="pho">yīn xión</span>，而不是 <span class="pho">yīng xióng</span>。这没什么别的办法，只能硬逼着自己生学硬练后鼻音的发声方式。
|
||||
|
||||
前鼻音 `n` 随后跟着软腭音 `k/g` 的时候，会自然变成后鼻音，读作 `ŋ`，比如 *tank*，词典里的音标通常也直接标注成 `/tæŋk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/tank-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/tank-us.mp3"></span>。再比如，*two main goals* `/tuː meɪn gəʊlz/`, 听起来多少像是 `/tuː meɪŋ gəʊlz/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/two-main-goals-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/two-main-goals-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
前鼻音 <span class="pho">n</span> 随后跟着软腭音 <span class="pho">k/g</span> 的时候，会自然变成后鼻音，读作 <span class="pho">ŋ</span>，比如 *tank*，词典里的音标通常也直接标注成 <span class="pho alt">tæŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/tank-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/tank-us.mp3"></span>。再比如，*two main goals* <span class="pho alt">tuː meɪn gəʊlz</span>, 听起来多少像是 <span class="pho alt">tuː meɪŋ gəʊlz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/two-main-goals-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/two-main-goals-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ŋ` 在词汇末尾的时候，若是后面跟着个元音开头的音节，经常会被读成 `n`，与后面的音节连读，比如：
|
||||
<span class="pho">ŋ</span> 在词汇末尾的时候，若是后面跟着个元音开头的音节，经常会被读成 <span class="pho">n</span>，与后面的音节连读，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
> * *going out* ⭢ `/gəʊɪn aʊt/`
|
||||
> * *sing a song* ⭢ `/sɪn ə sɔŋ/`
|
||||
> * *wrong idea* ⭢ `/rɔn aɪˈdiə/`
|
||||
> * *thinking of* ⭢ `/ˈθɪŋkɪn əv/`
|
||||
> * *going out* ⭢ <span class="pho alt">gəʊɪn aʊt</span>
|
||||
> * *sing a song* ⭢ <span class="pho alt">sɪn ə sɔŋ</span>
|
||||
> * *wrong idea* ⭢ <span class="pho alt">rɔn aɪˈdiə</span>
|
||||
> * *thinking of* ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈθɪŋkɪn əv</span>
|
||||
|
||||
另外，`m`、`n` 常常会使之前的辅音，尤其是 `d`、`t` 变成**音节辅音**（*syllabic consonant*），比如，*didn't* `/ˈdɪd̩nt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/didn't-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/didn't-us.mp3"></span>, *wouldn't* `/ˈwʊd̩nt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/wouldn't-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/wouldn't-us.mp3"></span> —— 独自构成音节的那个辅音，例如这里的 `d`，下面多了个竖线作为标注，`d̩`。再比如，*rhythm* `/ˈrɪð̩m/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/rhythm-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/rhythm-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，<span class="pho">m</span>、<span class="pho">n</span> 常常会使之前的辅音，尤其是 <span class="pho">d</span>、<span class="pho">t</span> 变成**音节辅音**（*syllabic consonant*），比如，*didn't* <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪd̩nt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/didn't-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/didn't-us.mp3"></span>, *wouldn't* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʊd̩nt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/wouldn't-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/wouldn't-us.mp3"></span> —— 独自构成音节的那个辅音，例如这里的 <span class="pho">d</span>，下面多了个竖线作为标注，<span class="pho">d̩</span>。再比如，*rhythm* <span class="pho alt">ˈrɪð̩m</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/rhythm-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/rhythm-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
有些词典会直接将 *didn't* 标注为 `/ˈdɪdənt/`，将 *wouldn't* 标注为 `/ˈwʊdənt/`，将 *rhythm* 标注成 `/ˈrɪðəm/`…… 但是，音节辅音内的元音音素，更准确地讲，更接近 `ɤ`（[2.2.1](13-pbmnfkgh)）而不是 `ə` —— 这个细微差异，竟然会使美国人轻易地听出外国口音[^1]。
|
||||
有些词典会直接将 *didn't* 标注为 <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪdənt</span>，将 *wouldn't* 标注为 <span class="pho alt">ˈwʊdənt</span>，将 *rhythm* 标注成 <span class="pho alt">ˈrɪðəm</span>…… 但是，音节辅音内的元音音素，更准确地讲，更接近 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>（[2.2.1](13-pbmnfkgh)）而不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> —— 这个细微差异，竟然会使美国人轻易地听出外国口音[^1]。
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: *Manual of Amewrican English Pronuciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. Betty Wallace Robinett. Page 118.
|
||||
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.4. `t, d, s, z; ʃ, tʃ, dʒ`
|
||||
# 2.2.4. <span class="pho">t, d, s, z; ʃ, tʃ, dʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`t, d, s, z` 这 4 个辅音，是中文普通话使用者必须调整的重点。它们在中文普通话里都有近似版本，所以，它们在两种语言中那微妙的发声方式区别会很容易被忽视。但，那一点点的差别却极大地影响整个**音质** —— 因为这 4 个辅音以及直接受它们所影响的 `ʃ, tʃ, dʒ`，总计 7 个辅音， 在英文语音中所占的比例实在太高。
|
||||
<span class="pho">t, d, s, z</span> 这 4 个辅音，是中文普通话使用者必须调整的重点。它们在中文普通话里都有近似版本，所以，它们在两种语言中那微妙的发声方式区别会很容易被忽视。但，那一点点的差别却极大地影响整个**音质** —— 因为这 4 个辅音以及直接受它们所影响的 <span class="pho">ʃ, tʃ, dʒ</span>，总计 7 个辅音， 在英文语音中所占的比例实在太高。
|
||||
|
||||
`t, d, s, z` 这 4 个辅音的发声关键，在于它们发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。
|
||||
<span class="pho">t, d, s, z</span> 这 4 个辅音的发声关键，在于它们发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="/images/speech-tract-tdsz.svg" class="themed" />
|
||||
|
||||
在中文普通话里，`t, d` 这两个声母发声时起始的**舌尖位置** 贴在牙齿上；`s, z` 这两个声母发声时起始的 “舌尖位置” 接近牙齿，但留了个空隙以便气流通过。你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你”（`wǒ tī sǐ nǐ`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>）。
|
||||
在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t, d</span> 这两个声母发声时起始的**舌尖位置** 贴在牙齿上；<span class="pho">s, z</span> 这两个声母发声时起始的 “舌尖位置” 接近牙齿，但留了个空隙以便气流通过。你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>）。
|
||||
|
||||
在英文里，`t, d,` 这两个辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置** 贴在牙齿和牙龈分界再往后一点点（如上图所示），而不是在牙齿上。而 `s, z` 这两个辅音，发声时起始的**舌尖位置** 是同样的，但留了个空隙以便气流通过。
|
||||
在英文里，<span class="pho">t, d,</span> 这两个辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置** 贴在牙齿和牙龈分界再往后一点点（如上图所示），而不是在牙齿上。而 <span class="pho">s, z</span> 这两个辅音，发声时起始的**舌尖位置** 是同样的，但留了个空隙以便气流通过。
|
||||
|
||||
而 `t, d, s, z` 这四个辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**，同样影响基于它们的另外三个辅音，`ʃ, tʃ, dʒ`…… 比较有趣的是，中文的普通话里恰好有对应的**卷舌音**，`sh, ch, zh`。找对发这三个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置，从那里开始读英文的 `t, d, s, z` 就对了。只不过，有一点点的区别，中文的 `sh, zh` 舌尖顶着上颚，同样的方式读出来的是英文的 `ʃ, dʒ`。而英文的 `s, z` 离上颚还有一点距离，但，不像中文的 `s, z` 那样靠近牙齿。
|
||||
而 <span class="pho">t, d, s, z</span> 这四个辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**，同样影响基于它们的另外三个辅音，<span class="pho">ʃ, tʃ, dʒ</span>…… 比较有趣的是，中文的普通话里恰好有对应的**卷舌音**，<span class="pho">sh, ch, zh</span>。找对发这三个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置，从那里开始读英文的 <span class="pho">t, d, s, z</span> 就对了。只不过，有一点点的区别，中文的 <span class="pho">sh, zh</span> 舌尖顶着上颚，同样的方式读出来的是英文的 <span class="pho">ʃ, dʒ</span>。而英文的 <span class="pho">s, z</span> 离上颚还有一点距离，但，不像中文的 <span class="pho">s, z</span> 那样靠近牙齿。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，美国人在说 `t` 这个辅音的时候，经常会把它读成**送气音**（*asperated*），即，发着 `h` 的音读出，比如 *time* `/tʰaɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/time-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/time-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，美国人在说 <span class="pho">t</span> 这个辅音的时候，经常会把它读成**送气音**（*asperated*），即，发着 <span class="pho">h</span> 的音读出，比如 *time* <span class="pho alt">tʰaɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/time-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/time-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* `/ˈstudənts/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/students-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/students-us.mp3"></span> 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。
|
||||
对中文普通话使用者来说，必须为这几个辅音学习新的发声方式。可以用 *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/students-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/students-us.mp3"></span> 这个词作为起步反复练习。以后随时注意这些辅音发声时起始的**舌尖位置**。
|
||||
@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.5. `t, d`
|
||||
# 2.2.5. <span class="pho">t, d</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`t` 和 `d` 在英文语音中出现频率实在太高，乃至于我们不得不格外注意有关它的细节。
|
||||
<span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">d</span> 在英文语音中出现频率实在太高，乃至于我们不得不格外注意有关它的细节。
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.2.5.1. 省音
|
||||
|
||||
`t` 和 `d` 之后直接跟着辅音的时候，它的舌尖动作完整，但，不送气流，所以我们听不到它。有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导 —— 听不到不意味着说没有，它是一个 **“看不见” 甚至 “听不到”，但 “的确存在” 的停顿**。`t, d` 的那个位置会有个**细微的停顿** —— 有时，即便舌尖动作并不完整，但那个停顿依然在 —— 通常会被非母语使用者直接忽视。这种停顿，语音学里叫做**声门停顿** *(glottal stop, a momentary tight closure of the vocal cords, )*。
|
||||
<span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">d</span> 之后直接跟着辅音的时候，它的舌尖动作完整，但，不送气流，所以我们听不到它。有人把这种现象叫做 **省音**（*elision*）；但，这种说法容易产生误导 —— 听不到不意味着说没有，它是一个 **“看不见” 甚至 “听不到”，但 “的确存在” 的停顿**。<span class="pho">t, d</span> 的那个位置会有个**细微的停顿** —— 有时，即便舌尖动作并不完整，但那个停顿依然在 —— 通常会被非母语使用者直接忽视。这种停顿，语音学里叫做**声门停顿** *(glottal stop, a momentary tight closure of the vocal cords, )*。
|
||||
|
||||
*hotdog*, 不是`/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hotdog-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hotdog-us.mp3"></span>—— 这里的 `·` 代表那个极短的停顿。同样，*partner*，不是 `/ˈpɑrnər/` 而是 `/ˈpɑr·nər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/partner-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/partner-us.mp3"></span>；*hard-nosed*, 不是 `/ˌhɑːˈnəʊzd/`，而是 `/ˌhɑːr·ˈnəʊzd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hardnosed-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hardnosed-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
*hotdog*, 不是<span class="pho alt">ˈhɑˌdɔg</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hotdog-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hotdog-us.mp3"></span>—— 这里的 <span class="pho">·</span> 代表那个极短的停顿。同样，*partner*，不是 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑrnər</span> 而是 <span class="pho alt">ˈpɑr·nər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/partner-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/partner-us.mp3"></span>；*hard-nosed*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːˈnəʊzd</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːr·ˈnəʊzd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/hardnosed-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/hardnosed-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.2.5.2. 叠音
|
||||
|
||||
这不是 `t, d` 才有的现象。
|
||||
这不是 <span class="pho">t, d</span> 才有的现象。
|
||||
|
||||
上一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同的时候，叫做**叠音**（*geminates*）。在连贯的自然语音中，着两个辅音就只发声一次 —— 但听起来的时候，有可能感受到前一个辅音存在造成细微停顿。它从机制上来看，其实和**省音**（[2.2.5.1](17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)）一样。其实哪怕相邻的两个辅音相似的时候，也会发生同样的现象。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，*at that time*, 不是 `/ət ðæt taɪm/`，而是 `/ə·ðætaɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/i-was-tired-at-that-time.-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/i-was-tired-at-that-time.-us.mp3"></span> —— 第一个 `t` 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**（[2.2.5.1](17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)），听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 `·` 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 `t` 与 第三个 `t` 是**叠音**，这两个 `t` 只发声一次。再比如，*a bad day*, 不是 `/ə bæd deɪ/`，而是 `/ə bæ deɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/this-is-really-a-bad-day.-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/this-is-really-a-bad-day.-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
比如，*at that time*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">ət ðæt taɪm</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ə·ðætaɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/i-was-tired-at-that-time.-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/i-was-tired-at-that-time.-us.mp3"></span> —— 第一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 由于后面跟着一个辅音，于是产生了**省音**（[2.2.5.1](17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)），听不到了，但，该有的停顿却依然在，在这里我们用 <span class="pho">·</span> 代表那个停顿 ；而后，第二个 <span class="pho">t</span> 与 第三个 <span class="pho">t</span> 是**叠音**，这两个 <span class="pho">t</span> 只发声一次。再比如，*a bad day*, 不是 <span class="pho alt">ə bæd deɪ</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ə bæ deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/this-is-really-a-bad-day.-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/this-is-really-a-bad-day.-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.2.5.3. 同化
|
||||
|
||||
`t` 为末尾的单词，遇到 `ju` 开头的单词，连起来读的时候，`t` 往往会变成 `tʃ`；而 `d` 遇到 `ju` 的话，`d` 会变成 `dʒ`。这种现象被称为**同化**（*assimilation*）。最常见的比如，*Don't you?* `/dəʊn tʃju?/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/dont-you-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/dont-you-us.mp3"></span>；以及，*Would you?* `/wʊ dʒju?/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/would-you-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/would-you-us.mp3"></span> 这里的关键在于，`t, d` 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.4](16-tdsz)），它与后面的 `/ju/` 连起来的发声就只能如此。
|
||||
<span class="pho">t</span> 为末尾的单词，遇到 <span class="pho">ju</span> 开头的单词，连起来读的时候，<span class="pho">t</span> 往往会变成 <span class="pho">tʃ</span>；而 <span class="pho">d</span> 遇到 <span class="pho">ju</span> 的话，<span class="pho">d</span> 会变成 <span class="pho">dʒ</span>。这种现象被称为**同化**（*assimilation*）。最常见的比如，*Don't you?* <span class="pho alt">dəʊn tʃju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/dont-you-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/dont-you-us.mp3"></span>；以及，*Would you?* <span class="pho alt">wʊ dʒju?</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/would-you-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/would-you-us.mp3"></span> 这里的关键在于，<span class="pho">t, d</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置如果放对了（[2.2.4](16-tdsz)），它与后面的 <span class="pho alt">ju</span> 连起来的发声就只能如此。
|
||||
|
||||
同化主要发生在 `j` 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 `j` 前面遇到 `t` 和 `d` 时会产生同化之外，`s+j` 以及 `z+j` 也**可能**会产生同化 —— 请注意，这两组是**可能**，并非一定，并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。`s+j` 可能会被读成 `ʃ`，`z+j` 可能会被读成 `ʒ`。比如，*Miss you so much.* `/mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ./`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/miss-you-so-much-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/miss-you-so-much-us.mp3"></span>；*It was your job.* `/ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb./`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/it-was-your-job-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/it-was-your-job-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
同化主要发生在 <span class="pho">j</span> 这个音上。除了已经讲过的 <span class="pho">j</span> 前面遇到 <span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">d</span> 时会产生同化之外，<span class="pho">s+j</span> 以及 <span class="pho">z+j</span> 也**可能**会产生同化 —— 请注意，这两组是**可能**，并非一定，并非所有英文母语使用者都如此发音。<span class="pho">s+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʃ</span>，<span class="pho">z+j</span> 可能会被读成 <span class="pho">ʒ</span>。比如，*Miss you so much.* <span class="pho alt">mɪ ʃu səʊ mʌʧ.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/miss-you-so-much-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/miss-you-so-much-us.mp3"></span>；*It was your job.* <span class="pho alt">ɪt wɒ ʒʊr ʤɒb.</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/it-was-your-job-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/it-was-your-job-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.2.5.4. 弹舌音
|
||||
|
||||
这是**美式**发音的一个特点 —— `t` 被夹在两个元音之间的时候，可能是单词之内，也可能是单词之间，它会变成所谓的弹舌音，往往被标注为 `t̬`，被称为**弹舌音** （*alveolar flapping t*） —— 听起来非常接近 `d`。这种情况在英文语音中出现的情况实在太多，比如，*bottom*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/bottom-us.mp3"></span>, *butter*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/butter-us.mp3"></span>, *daughter*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/daughter-us.mp3"></span>, *here at our university*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/here-at-our-university-us.mp3"></span>, *not at all*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/not-at-all-us.mp3"></span>, *set it up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/set-it-up-us.mp3"></span>, *water*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/water-us.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
这是**美式**发音的一个特点 —— <span class="pho">t</span> 被夹在两个元音之间的时候，可能是单词之内，也可能是单词之间，它会变成所谓的弹舌音，往往被标注为 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，被称为**弹舌音** （*alveolar flapping t*） —— 听起来非常接近 <span class="pho">d</span>。这种情况在英文语音中出现的情况实在太多，比如，*bottom*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/bottom-us.mp3"></span>, *butter*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/butter-us.mp3"></span>, *daughter*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/daughter-us.mp3"></span>, *here at our university*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/here-at-our-university-us.mp3"></span>, *not at all*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/not-at-all-us.mp3"></span>, *set it up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/set-it-up-us.mp3"></span>, *water*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/water-us.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.2.5.5. 击穿
|
||||
|
||||
很多美国人在 `t` 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，`t` 跟在 `n` 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 `t`，即所谓的击穿（*dropping*）。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 `/ˈɪnəˌvju/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/interview-alloy.mp3"></span>。另外一个更常见被击穿的音是 `h`（[2.2.8](20-h)）
|
||||
很多美国人在 <span class="pho">t</span> 这个音上还有另外一个特殊的习惯，<span class="pho">t</span> 跟在 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的时候，美国人说话的方式会让我们听不到那个 <span class="pho">t</span>，即所谓的击穿（*dropping*）。比如，他们说 *interview* 的时候你听到的可能是 <span class="pho alt">ˈɪnəˌvju</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/interview-alloy.mp3"></span>。另外一个更常见被击穿的音是 <span class="pho">h</span>（[2.2.8](20-h)）
|
||||
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
告诉你个很好玩的事儿：
|
||||
|
||||
> 只要你把所有 `t` 都读成 `d`，你听起来就很像印度人，要是把所有长元音都读短，就更像……
|
||||
> 只要你把所有 <span class="pho">t</span> 都读成 <span class="pho">d</span>，你听起来就很像印度人，要是把所有长元音都读短，就更像……
|
||||
|
||||
比如，你可以试着玩玩这句：<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/en-IN-Dont-tell-me.mp3"></span>*Don't tell me what to do!*
|
||||
:::
|
||||
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.6. `tr, dr, ts, dz`
|
||||
# 2.2.6. <span class="pho">tr, dr, ts, dz</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`tr/tʃ` 声音上很接近，它们发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但舌尖姿势略有不同。`tr` 是舌尖顶着上颚（贴在牙齿和牙龈分界再往后一点点 [2.2.4](#2.2.4.-`t,-d,-s,-z;-ʃ,-tʃ,-dʒ`)），`tʃ` 是紧挨着舌尖的那一小部分舌面贴着上颚。`dr` 和 `dʒ` 的区别也是如此。
|
||||
<span class="pho">tr/tʃ</span> 声音上很接近，它们发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但舌尖姿势略有不同。<span class="pho">tr</span> 是舌尖顶着上颚（贴在牙齿和牙龈分界再往后一点点 [2.2.4](#2.2.4.-<span class="pho">t,-d,-s,-z;-ʃ,-tʃ,-dʒ</span>)），<span class="pho">tʃ</span> 是紧挨着舌尖的那一小部分舌面贴着上颚。<span class="pho">dr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别也是如此。
|
||||
|
||||
`tr, dr` 和 `tʃ, dʒ` 不一样的地方在于，`tr, dr` 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 `w`，tree `/triː`/ 听起来好像是 `/tʃwiː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/tree-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/tree-us.mp3"></span>，dry `/draɪ/` 听起来好像是 `/dʒwaɪ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/dry-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/dry-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
<span class="pho">tr, dr</span> 和 <span class="pho">tʃ, dʒ</span> 不一样的地方在于，<span class="pho">tr, dr</span> 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 <span class="pho">w</span>，tree <span class="pho">/triː</span>/ 听起来好像是 <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/tree-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/tree-us.mp3"></span>，dry <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> 听起来好像是 <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/dry-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/dry-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，对它们有自然的区分，因为在他们的母语里，`tr` 和 `dr` 总是分开连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 `/t·riː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 `r` 会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 `/d·raɪvə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 `r` 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
|
||||
`ts` 和 `dz` 发声时起始的舌尖位置和 `t` 以及 `d` 一样。`ts` 很像中文普通话拼音里的 `c`，只不过，发生时起始的舌尖位置不在牙齿上。`dz`，只要是调整好 `d` 的发生时起始的舌尖位置（`z` 的舌尖位置也是同一个地方），就不会有任何问题，`dz` 实际上也的确听起来和 `z` 没有区别。
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，对它们有自然的区分，因为在他们的母语里，<span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span> 总是分开连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 <span class="pho alt">t·riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 <span class="pho alt">d·raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">ts</span> 和 <span class="pho">dz</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置和 <span class="pho">t</span> 以及 <span class="pho">d</span> 一样。<span class="pho">ts</span> 很像中文普通话拼音里的 <span class="pho">c</span>，只不过，发生时起始的舌尖位置不在牙齿上。<span class="pho">dz</span>，只要是调整好 <span class="pho">d</span> 的发生时起始的舌尖位置（<span class="pho">z</span> 的舌尖位置也是同一个地方），就不会有任何问题，<span class="pho">dz</span> 实际上也的确听起来和 <span class="pho">z</span> 没有区别。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.7. `sp, st, str, sk`
|
||||
# 2.2.7. <span class="pho">sp, st, str, sk</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`p, t, k` 这三个清辅音对应着三个浊辅音： `b, d, g`。
|
||||
<span class="pho">p, t, k</span> 这三个清辅音对应着三个浊辅音： <span class="pho">b, d, g</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
需要注意的是，`p, t, k` 这三个清辅音在 `s` 之后的时候会发生 “浊化” 现象。另外请注意，`tr` 也会在 `s` 之后变成 `dr`。
|
||||
需要注意的是，<span class="pho">p, t, k</span> 这三个清辅音在 <span class="pho">s</span> 之后的时候会发生 “浊化” 现象。另外请注意，<span class="pho">tr</span> 也会在 <span class="pho">s</span> 之后变成 <span class="pho">dr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
> * *speak* `/spiːk/` 实际上读作 `/sbiːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/speak-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/speak-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *student* `/ˈstudənt/` 实际上读作 `/ˈsdudənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/student-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/student-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *school* `/skuːl/` 实际上读作 `/sguːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/school-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/school-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *frustrate* `/ˈfrʌˌstreɪt/` 实际上读作 `/ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/frustrate-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/frustrate-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *speak* <span class="pho alt">spiːk</span> 实际上读作 <span class="pho alt">sbiːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/speak-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/speak-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *student* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənt</span> 实际上读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈsdudənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/student-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/student-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *school* <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> 实际上读作 <span class="pho alt">sguːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/school-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/school-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *frustrate* <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌstreɪt</span> 实际上读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/frustrate-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/frustrate-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.8. `h`
|
||||
# 2.2.8. <span class="pho">h</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`h` 这个音单独发声的时候，大家都没问题，但有个另外的细节需要注意。
|
||||
<span class="pho">h</span> 这个音单独发声的时候，大家都没问题，但有个另外的细节需要注意。
|
||||
|
||||
`h` 前面有另外一个辅音的时候，`h` 常常会被 “击穿”（*Dropping*）。
|
||||
<span class="pho">h</span> 前面有另外一个辅音的时候，<span class="pho">h</span> 常常会被 “击穿”（*Dropping*）。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 `/wɒz hi həːt/` 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 `/wɒzi həːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/Was-he-hurt-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/Was-he-hurt-us.mp3"></span>—— `h` 不见了，被击穿了。
|
||||
比如，*Was he hurt?* 三个单词分开读，应该是 <span class="pho alt">wɒz hi həːt</span> 在连贯的语音中，会被读成 <span class="pho alt">wɒzi həːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/Was-he-hurt-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/Was-he-hurt-us.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho">h</span> 不见了，被击穿了。
|
||||
|
||||
再比如，*let him*，会变成 `/letɪm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/let-him-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/let-him-us.mp3"></span>，而后，因为 `h` 被击穿了之后，`t` 相当于被夹在两个元音之间，所以美国人会读成弹舌音 `t̬`（[2.2.5.4](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)），与此同时，他们还倾向于把非重音上的 `ɪ` 读成 `ə`（[1.1.3](01-3-us-phonemes)），于是，他们说的是 `/let̬əm/`；
|
||||
|
||||
又比如，*household* 这个词听起来更像是`ˈ/haʊˌsəʊld/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/household-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/household-us.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
再比如，*let him*，会变成 <span class="pho alt">letɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/let-him-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/let-him-us.mp3"></span>，而后，因为 <span class="pho">h</span> 被击穿了之后，<span class="pho">t</span> 相当于被夹在两个元音之间，所以美国人会读成弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>（[2.2.5.4](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)），与此同时，他们还倾向于把非重音上的 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ə</span>（[1.1.3](01-3-us-phonemes)），于是，他们说的是 <span class="pho alt">let̬əm</span>；
|
||||
|
||||
又比如，*household* 这个词听起来更像是<span class="pho">ˈ/haʊˌsəʊld/</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/household-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/household-us.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.9. `θ, ð`
|
||||
# 2.2.9. <span class="pho">θ, ð</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`θ, ð` 这两个辅音，学校里常见教材一般都强调说**一定要把舌尖夹在齿间**再开始发音。其实不一定要那么严格，实际上，舌尖即便没有伸出到齿外也可以，大多数时候，只要舌尖贴到上齿之后开始发音就可以了。
|
||||
<span class="pho">θ, ð</span> 这两个辅音，学校里常见教材一般都强调说**一定要把舌尖夹在齿间**再开始发音。其实不一定要那么严格，实际上，舌尖即便没有伸出到齿外也可以，大多数时候，只要舌尖贴到上齿之后开始发音就可以了。
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="/images/speech-tract-θð.svg" class="themed" />
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.10. `r`
|
||||
# 2.2.10. <span class="pho">r</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`r` 这个辅音原本不难，但，美式英语有个独特之处造成了困难。它的难度并不在于发音起始的 “舌尖位置”，而是 “舌尖姿势”。英式英语中，`r` 只有一种 “舌尖姿势”，舌尖向前贴在上颚；可在美式英语中，*rock* `r/ɔk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/rock-us.mp3"></span> 是舌尖向前的，但，*card* `/kɑːʳd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/card-us.mp3"></span> 的舌尖姿势却是后卷的。
|
||||
<span class="pho">r</span> 这个辅音原本不难，但，美式英语有个独特之处造成了困难。它的难度并不在于发音起始的 “舌尖位置”，而是 “舌尖姿势”。英式英语中，<span class="pho">r</span> 只有一种 “舌尖姿势”，舌尖向前贴在上颚；可在美式英语中，*rock* <span class="pho">r/ɔk/</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/rock-us.mp3"></span> 是舌尖向前的，但，*card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːʳd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/card-us.mp3"></span> 的舌尖姿势却是后卷的。
|
||||
|
||||
<img src="/images/speech-tract-r.svg" class="themed" />
|
||||
|
||||
与 `l` 一样（[2.2.11](23-l)），处于元音之后的 `r` 由于有完整的舌尖动作，会使之前的元音附加一个音标标注里看不到的 `ə`，比如：
|
||||
与 <span class="pho">l</span> 一样（[2.2.11](23-l)），处于元音之后的 <span class="pho">r</span> 由于有完整的舌尖动作，会使之前的元音附加一个音标标注里看不到的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
> * *fear* `/fɪr/` → `/fɪər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/fear-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/fear-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *wear* `/wer/` → `/weər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/wear-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/wear-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *fear* <span class="pho alt">fɪr</span> → <span class="pho alt">fɪər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/fear-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/fear-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *wear* <span class="pho alt">wer</span> → <span class="pho alt">weər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/wear-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/wear-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
@@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.11. `l`
|
||||
# 2.2.11. <span class="pho">l</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`l` 这个辅音，和 `r` 一样，在元音前后都有出现的可能 —— 亚洲语言里多少都有 `r` 化音，所以，`r` 在元音之后的情况对亚洲人来说都不是问题。难点在于 `l` 在元音之后的情况 —— 这种情况在亚洲语言里几乎不存在。
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 这个辅音，和 <span class="pho">r</span> 一样，在元音前后都有出现的可能 —— 亚洲语言里多少都有 <span class="pho">r</span> 化音，所以，<span class="pho">r</span> 在元音之后的情况对亚洲人来说都不是问题。难点在于 <span class="pho">l</span> 在元音之后的情况 —— 这种情况在亚洲语言里几乎不存在。
|
||||
|
||||
难点在于 `l` 在元音之后的情况。比如，*individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒəwəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/individual-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/individual-us.mp3"></span>这个词，或者更简单的单音节单词，*girl* `/gəːl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/girl-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/girl-us.mp3"></span>，元音后的 `l` 常常会被不小心忽略。
|
||||
难点在于 <span class="pho">l</span> 在元音之后的情况。比如，*individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/individual-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/individual-us.mp3"></span>这个词，或者更简单的单音节单词，*girl* <span class="pho alt">gəːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/girl-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/girl-us.mp3"></span>，元音后的 <span class="pho">l</span> 常常会被不小心忽略。
|
||||
|
||||
关键在于，元音之后的 `l` 有一个完整的舌尖动作，在发完 `ə` 这个音之后，舌尖会被推上去直至贴到上颚。
|
||||
关键在于，元音之后的 <span class="pho">l</span> 有一个完整的舌尖动作，在发完 <span class="pho">ə</span> 这个音之后，舌尖会被推上去直至贴到上颚。
|
||||
|
||||
有些人能听出末尾的那个 `l`，所以不会忽略它；但，由于看不到口腔内舌尖的位置和姿势，仅凭听力，人们会借用别的方式完成自己感受到的差异，比如，末尾的 `l` 中国人会用带有嘴唇动作的 `əʊ` 替代，于是就把 *girl* 读作 `/gəʊ/`；而韩国人会用 `r` 替代 `l`，于是把 *girl* 读成 `/gəːr/`。
|
||||
有些人能听出末尾的那个 <span class="pho">l</span>，所以不会忽略它；但，由于看不到口腔内舌尖的位置和姿势，仅凭听力，人们会借用别的方式完成自己感受到的差异，比如，末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 中国人会用带有嘴唇动作的 <span class="pho">əʊ</span> 替代，于是就把 *girl* 读作 <span class="pho alt">gəʊ</span>；而韩国人会用 <span class="pho">r</span> 替代 <span class="pho">l</span>，于是把 *girl* 读成 <span class="pho alt">gəːr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，要格外注意 `l` 在元音之后的情况，注意舌尖位置正确，动作完整，不能有嘴唇动作 —— 否则就会出现 `ʊ` 音。
|
||||
所以，要格外注意 <span class="pho">l</span> 在元音之后的情况，注意舌尖位置正确，动作完整，不能有嘴唇动作 —— 否则就会出现 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 音。
|
||||
|
||||
<img alt="speech tract of /l/" src="/images/speech-tract-l.svg" class="themed" />
|
||||
|
||||
格外需要注意的是，由于处于音节末尾的 `l` 有这个完整的舌尖动作，于是，它之前的`ɪ`、`iː`、`eɪ`、`e`、`æ` 都会附加这一个未标注音标的 `ə` 音 —— 完整舌尖动作的自然结果。
|
||||
格外需要注意的是，由于处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 有这个完整的舌尖动作，于是，它之前的<span class="pho">ɪ</span>、<span class="pho">iː</span>、<span class="pho">eɪ</span>、<span class="pho">e</span>、<span class="pho">æ</span> 都会附加这一个未标注音标的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 音 —— 完整舌尖动作的自然结果。
|
||||
|
||||
> * seal `/siːl/` → `/siːəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/seal-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/seal-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * fill `/fɪl/` → `/fɪəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/fill-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/fill-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * tale `/teɪl/` → `/teɪəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/tale-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/tale-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * well `/wel/` → `/weəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/well-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/well-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * shall `/ʃæl/` → `/ʃæəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/shall-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/shall-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * seal <span class="pho alt">siːl</span> → <span class="pho alt">siːəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/seal-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/seal-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * fill <span class="pho alt">fɪl</span> → <span class="pho alt">fɪəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/fill-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/fill-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * tale <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span> → <span class="pho alt">teɪəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/tale-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/tale-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * well <span class="pho alt">wel</span> → <span class="pho alt">weəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/well-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/well-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * shall <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃæəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/shall-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/shall-us.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
注意，`r` 之前也常常有同样的现象（[2.2.10](22-r)）。
|
||||
注意，<span class="pho">r</span> 之前也常常有同样的现象（[2.2.10](22-r)）。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，`l` 和 `m`、`n` 一样，有时也会使之前的辅音变成**音节辅音**（[2.2.3](15-mn)）。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪt̩l/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/little-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/little-us.mp3"></span>（注意，这里的 `t` 会被浊化，变成弹舌音 `t̬`，听起来像是 `d`），*awful* `/ˈɔf̩l/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/awful-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/awful-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
另外，<span class="pho">l</span> 和 <span class="pho">m</span>、<span class="pho">n</span> 一样，有时也会使之前的辅音变成**音节辅音**（[2.2.3](15-mn)）。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̩l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/little-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/little-us.mp3"></span>（注意，这里的 <span class="pho">t</span> 会被浊化，变成弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，听起来像是 <span class="pho">d</span>），*awful* <span class="pho alt">ˈɔf̩l</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/awful-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/awful-us.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
@@ -1,27 +1,26 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.12. `ʒ`
|
||||
# 2.2.12. <span class="pho">ʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
`ʒ` 这个音在中文中不存在，是位于 `r` 和 `dʒ` 之间的音。这个音对亚洲人来说，有点难。其实，只要肯反复练习，这个音对中文普通话使用者来说并不像最初以为的那么难。先试试说一下 `dʒ`（中文普通话拼音中的 `zh`），然后，把顶在上颚上的舌面略微下放一点点，留出一个缝隙以便气流通过 —— `ʒ`和 `dʒ` 的区别就是这个缝隙。
|
||||
<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 这个音在中文中不存在，是位于 <span class="pho">r</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 之间的音。这个音对亚洲人来说，有点难。其实，只要肯反复练习，这个音对中文普通话使用者来说并不像最初以为的那么难。先试试说一下 <span class="pho">dʒ</span>（中文普通话拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>），然后，把顶在上颚上的舌面略微下放一点点，留出一个缝隙以便气流通过 —— <span class="pho">ʒ</span>和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别就是这个缝隙。
|
||||
|
||||
还记得吗？**母语中不存在的音素其实相对更容易学**（[2.2.2](14-fv)），但，有相似的就相对更难。`ʒ` 就因为与 `dʒ`（中文普通话拼音中的 `zh`）太相似了，所以才被中文普通话使用者全部都用 `dʒ` 替代……
|
||||
还记得吗？**母语中不存在的音素其实相对更容易学**（[2.2.2](14-fv)），但，有相似的就相对更难。<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 就因为与 <span class="pho">dʒ</span>（中文普通话拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>）太相似了，所以才被中文普通话使用者全部都用 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代……
|
||||
|
||||
幸运的是，含有这个音在英文词汇其实很少，在最常用的 10,000 英语词汇里只有 69 个，而最常用的也就十几个：
|
||||
|
||||
> * *beige* `/beɪʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/beige-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/beige-us.mp3"></span> A pale sandy yellow-brown color
|
||||
> * *collage* `/kəˈlɑːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/collage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/collage-us.mp3"></span> A piece of art made by sticking various different materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric onto a backing
|
||||
> * *corsage* `/kɔːrˈsɑːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/corsage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/corsage-us.mp3"></span> A small bouquet of flowers worn on a woman's dress or around her wrist
|
||||
> * *decision* `/dɪˈsɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/decision-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/decision-us.mp3"></span> A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
|
||||
> * *decoupage* `/ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/decoupage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/decoupage-us.mp3"></span> The art or craft of decorating objects with paper cut-outs
|
||||
> * *garage* `/ɡəˈrɑːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/garage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/garage-us.mp3"></span> A building for housing a motor vehicle
|
||||
> * *genre* `/ˈʒɑːnrə/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/genre-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/genre-us.mp3"></span> A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature
|
||||
> * *leisure* `/ˈleʒər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/leisure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/leisure-us.mp3"></span> Time free from work or duties
|
||||
> * *massage* `/məˈsɑʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/massage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/massage-us.mp3"></span> The rubbing and kneading of muscles and joints of the body with the hands, especially to relieve tension or pain
|
||||
> * *measure* `/ˈmeʒər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/measure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/measure-us.mp3"></span> To ascertain the size, amount, or degree of something
|
||||
> * *mirage* `/mɪˈrɑːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/mirage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/mirage-us.mp3"></span> An optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions
|
||||
> * *montage* `/mɒnˈtɑːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/montage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/montage-us.mp3"></span> The technique of producing a new composite whole from fragments of pictures, text, or music
|
||||
> * *pleasure* `/ˈpleʒər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/pleasure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/pleasure-us.mp3"></span> A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
|
||||
> * *regime* `/reɪˈʒiːm/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/regime-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/regime-us.mp3"></span> A government, especially an authoritarian one
|
||||
> * *rouge* `/ruːʒ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/rouge-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/rouge-us.mp3"></span> A red powder or cream used as a cosmetic for coloring the cheeks or lips
|
||||
> * *treasure* `/ˈtreʒər/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/treasure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/treasure-us.mp3"></span> A quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects
|
||||
> * *usual* `/ˈjuʒəwəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/usual-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/usual-us.mp3"></span> Habitually or typically occurring or done
|
||||
> * *vision* `/ˈvɪʒən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/vision-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/vision-us.mp3"></span> The ability to see; sight
|
||||
|
||||
> * *beige* <span class="pho alt">beɪʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/beige-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/beige-us.mp3"></span> A pale sandy yellow-brown color
|
||||
> * *collage* <span class="pho alt">kəˈlɑːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/collage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/collage-us.mp3"></span> A piece of art made by sticking various different materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric onto a backing
|
||||
> * *corsage* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrˈsɑːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/corsage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/corsage-us.mp3"></span> A small bouquet of flowers worn on a woman's dress or around her wrist
|
||||
> * *decision* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈsɪʒən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/decision-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/decision-us.mp3"></span> A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
|
||||
> * *decoupage* <span class="pho alt">ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/decoupage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/decoupage-us.mp3"></span> The art or craft of decorating objects with paper cut-outs
|
||||
> * *garage* <span class="pho alt">ɡəˈrɑːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/garage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/garage-us.mp3"></span> A building for housing a motor vehicle
|
||||
> * *genre* <span class="pho alt">ˈʒɑːnrə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/genre-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/genre-us.mp3"></span> A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature
|
||||
> * *leisure* <span class="pho alt">ˈleʒər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/leisure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/leisure-us.mp3"></span> Time free from work or duties
|
||||
> * *massage* <span class="pho alt">məˈsɑʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/massage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/massage-us.mp3"></span> The rubbing and kneading of muscles and joints of the body with the hands, especially to relieve tension or pain
|
||||
> * *measure* <span class="pho alt">ˈmeʒər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/measure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/measure-us.mp3"></span> To ascertain the size, amount, or degree of something
|
||||
> * *mirage* <span class="pho alt">mɪˈrɑːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/mirage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/mirage-us.mp3"></span> An optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions
|
||||
> * *montage* <span class="pho alt">mɒnˈtɑːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/montage-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/montage-us.mp3"></span> The technique of producing a new composite whole from fragments of pictures, text, or music
|
||||
> * *pleasure* <span class="pho alt">ˈpleʒər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/pleasure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/pleasure-us.mp3"></span> A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
|
||||
> * *regime* <span class="pho alt">reɪˈʒiːm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/regime-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/regime-us.mp3"></span> A government, especially an authoritarian one
|
||||
> * *rouge* <span class="pho alt">ruːʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/rouge-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/rouge-us.mp3"></span> A red powder or cream used as a cosmetic for coloring the cheeks or lips
|
||||
> * *treasure* <span class="pho alt">ˈtreʒər</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/treasure-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/treasure-us.mp3"></span> A quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects
|
||||
> * *usual* <span class="pho alt">ˈjuʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/usual-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/usual-us.mp3"></span> Habitually or typically occurring or done
|
||||
> * *vision* <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/vision-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/vision-us.mp3"></span> The ability to see; sight
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.13. `j, w`
|
||||
# 2.2.13. <span class="pho">j, w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
这两个辅音在单个音节里作为开头时，对绝大多数人来说没有任何障碍。
|
||||
|
||||
值得注意的是，有时候，在 “前面一个以元音结尾的音节” 与 “后面一个以元音开头的音节” 相连之时，这两个音会 “莫名其妙地插入”…… 语音学里对这个现象有个专门的称呼，叫做**加音**（ *intrusion*）。
|
||||
|
||||
* `j` *intrusion*（前一个音节以 `ɪ` 结尾）
|
||||
* <span class="pho">j</span> *intrusion*（前一个音节以 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 结尾）
|
||||
|
||||
> * *I am* - `/ˈaɪ ˈæm/` ⭢ `/ˈaɪjæm/`
|
||||
> * *He is* - `/ˈhiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈhiːjɪz/`.
|
||||
> * *She is* - `/ˈʃiː ˈɪz/` ⭢ `/ˈʃiːjɪz/`.
|
||||
> * *They are* - `/ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr/` ⭢ `/ˈðeɪjɑːr/`.
|
||||
> * *I am* - <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪ ˈæm</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈaɪjæm</span>
|
||||
> * *He is* - <span class="pho alt">ˈhiː ˈɪz</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈhiːjɪz</span>.
|
||||
> * *She is* - <span class="pho alt">ˈʃiː ˈɪz</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈʃiːjɪz</span>.
|
||||
> * *They are* - <span class="pho alt">ˈðeɪ ˈɑːr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈðeɪjɑːr</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
* `w` *intrusion*（前一个音节以 `ʊ` 结尾）
|
||||
* <span class="pho">w</span> *intrusion*（前一个音节以 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 结尾）
|
||||
|
||||
> * *Go away* - `/ˈɡəʊ əˈweɪ/` ⭢ `/ˈɡəʊwəˈweɪ/`
|
||||
> * *Do all* - `/ˈduː ˈɔːl/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɔːl/`
|
||||
> * *Do it* - `/ˈduː ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈduːwɪt/`
|
||||
> * *Throw it* - `/ˈθrəʊ ˈɪt/` ⭢ `/ˈθrəʊwɪt/`
|
||||
> * *Go away* - <span class="pho alt">ˈɡəʊ əˈweɪ</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈɡəʊwəˈweɪ</span>
|
||||
> * *Do all* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɔːl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːwɔːl</span>
|
||||
> * *Do it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːwɪt</span>
|
||||
> * *Throw it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈθrəʊ ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈθrəʊwɪt</span>
|
||||
|
||||
之前提到过的例子 *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒəwəl/`（[2.1.4](07-ə), [2.2.11](23-l)），是个多音节词汇，如果仔细看的话，就会发现，后半部分， /`dʒə-wəl/` ，其实也是 `/dʒju-əl/` 经过 *intrusion* 插入了一个 `w` 而演化过来的。
|
||||
之前提到过的例子 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒəwəl</span>（[2.1.4](07-ə), [2.2.11](23-l)），是个多音节词汇，如果仔细看的话，就会发现，后半部分， /<span class="pho">dʒə-wəl/</span> ，其实也是 <span class="pho alt">dʒju-əl</span> 经过 *intrusion* 插入了一个 <span class="pho">w</span> 而演化过来的。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，请注意复习一下 `t+j`、`d+j`、`s+j`、`z+j` 可能会产生的同化现象（[2.2.5.3](17-td#_2-2-5-3-同化)）。
|
||||
另外，请注意复习一下 <span class="pho">t+j</span>、<span class="pho">d+j</span>、<span class="pho">s+j</span>、<span class="pho">z+j</span> 可能会产生的同化现象（[2.2.5.3](17-td#_2-2-5-3-同化)）。
|
||||
@@ -10,21 +10,21 @@
|
||||
|
||||
既然 “所有自然语音都以音节为最基础单位”，那么 “把相邻的音节处理明白而后说清楚” 原本就是基础。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，前后两个词在音上的连读现象（*catenation*）：*clean up*，前一个音节末尾的 `n` 和后一个元音开头的音节 `/ʌp/` 听起来像是同一个音节，到最后听起来是 `/kli ˈnʌp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/clean-up-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/clean-up-us.mp3"></span> —— 之所以如此，关键就在于，所有自然语音都以音节为最基础单位。
|
||||
比如，前后两个词在音上的连读现象（*catenation*）：*clean up*，前一个音节末尾的 <span class="pho">n</span> 和后一个元音开头的音节 <span class="pho alt">ʌp</span> 听起来像是同一个音节，到最后听起来是 <span class="pho alt">kli ˈnʌp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/clean-up-uk.mp3" data-audio-us="/audios/clean-up-us.mp3"></span> —— 之所以如此，关键就在于，所有自然语音都以音节为最基础单位。
|
||||
|
||||
而又因为连贯的语音，往往还带着高低起伏（[3.3](#3.3.-高低)，[3.4](#3.4.-起伏)），有着轻重缓急（[3.5](#3.5.-轻重)，[3.6](#3.6.-缓急)），于是在这个过程中某些因素会自然发生一些变化，甚至变体，简直不可能更自然了。
|
||||
|
||||
不仅相邻的音节可能连起来，在连接的过程中，有些音素还会因此产生变化，总结一下：
|
||||
|
||||
> * 非重音上的元音常常被简化成 ` ə`（[2.1.4](07-ə)）
|
||||
> * `t, d` 常常有各种变化（[2.2.5](17-td)）：
|
||||
> * 非重音上的元音常常被简化成 <span class="pho"> ə</span>（[2.1.4](07-ə)）
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t, d</span> 常常有各种变化（[2.2.5](17-td)）：
|
||||
> * 省音（*elision*，[2.2.5.1](17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)）
|
||||
> * 叠音（*geminates*，[2.2.5.2](17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)）
|
||||
> * 同化（*assimilation*，[2.2.5.3](17-td#_2-2-5-3-同化)）；
|
||||
> * 弹舌音 （*alveolar flapping*，[2.2.5.4](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）
|
||||
> * `h` 和 `t` 可能会被击穿（*dropping*, [2.2.8](20-h)，[2.2.5.5](17-td#_2-2-5-5-击穿)）；
|
||||
> * `ŋ` 可能会读成 `n`（[2.2.3](15-mn)）；
|
||||
> * `j` 和 `w` 可能会不知不觉地被插入，形成加音（*intrusion*, [2.2.13](25-jw)）
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">h</span> 和 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被击穿（*dropping*, [2.2.8](20-h)，[2.2.5.5](17-td#_2-2-5-5-击穿)）；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ŋ</span> 可能会读成 <span class="pho">n</span>（[2.2.3](15-mn)）；
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">j</span> 和 <span class="pho">w</span> 可能会不知不觉地被插入，形成加音（*intrusion*, [2.2.13](25-jw)）
|
||||
> * 相同或相似的辅音叠音（*geminates*，[2.2.5.2](17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)）
|
||||
|
||||
…… 可是，这些其实都是基础，一点都不高级；非说它们高级，颇有些误导。
|
||||
@@ -33,16 +33,16 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> *Come on... you're going out with the guy... there's got to be something wrong with him.*
|
||||
>
|
||||
> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/friends-s01e01-joey.mp3"></span>`kʌm ʌn... jʊ-ar gəʊɪŋ aʊt wɪθ ðə gaɪ... ðez gɒt tʊ biː ˈsʌmθɪŋ rɔŋ wɪθ hɪm.`
|
||||
> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/friends-s01e01-joey.mp3"></span><span class="pho">kʌm ʌn... jʊ-ar gəʊɪŋ aʊt wɪθ ðə gaɪ... ðez gɒt tʊ biː ˈsʌmθɪŋ rɔŋ wɪθ hɪm.</span>
|
||||
|
||||
短短一句话之中有很多细节需要注意 —— 当然，你现在应该大多都能理解：
|
||||
|
||||
> * *Come on*，连起来了，说成 `/ˈkə·ˈmɑːn/`，*Joey* 当然是美式发音，美国人的 `ʌ` 基本上干脆就是 `ə`，`ʌn` 是重音，所以被拉长了，听起来是 `ɑː`（[3.5](34-strong-weak)）；
|
||||
> * *you're* `/jʊ-ar/`，会有 `w` 的加音，但，很轻，需要仔细分辨才听得出来：`/jʊ war/`（ [2.2.13](25-jw)）；
|
||||
> * *going out*，`/gəʊɪŋ aʊt/` 中 `ŋ` 说成了 `n`（[2.2.3](15-mn)），与后面的音节连起来，`/gəʊwɪ·naʊt/`，这里也有个 `w` 的加音（ [2.2.13](25-jw)）；
|
||||
> * *with the*，`/wɪθ ðə/`，`θ· ð` 两个相近的辅音叠在一起，前一个只剩下了停顿，`/wɪ·ðə/`（[2.2.5.2](17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)）；
|
||||
> * *got to*，`/gɒt tʊ/`，两个 `t` 叠在一起，前一个只剩下了停顿（[2.2.5.2](17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)），后面的 `to` 被弱读（[3.5](34-strong-weak)）成了 `/tə/`，`t` 还是弹舌音（[2.2.5.4](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）： `/gɒ·t̬(ə)/`；
|
||||
> * *something*, 说的是 `/ˈsəmθɪn/`（[2.2.3](15-mn)）；
|
||||
> * *with him*，`h` 被击穿（[2.2.8](20-h)），说成了 `/wɪ·θəm/`……
|
||||
> * *Come on*，连起来了，说成 <span class="pho alt">ˈkə·ˈmɑːn</span>，*Joey* 当然是美式发音，美国人的 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 基本上干脆就是 <span class="pho">ə</span>，<span class="pho">ʌn</span> 是重音，所以被拉长了，听起来是 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>（[3.5](34-strong-weak)）；
|
||||
> * *you're* <span class="pho alt">jʊ-ar</span>，会有 <span class="pho">w</span> 的加音，但，很轻，需要仔细分辨才听得出来：<span class="pho alt">jʊ war</span>（ [2.2.13](25-jw)）；
|
||||
> * *going out*，<span class="pho alt">gəʊɪŋ aʊt</span> 中 <span class="pho">ŋ</span> 说成了 <span class="pho">n</span>（[2.2.3](15-mn)），与后面的音节连起来，<span class="pho alt">gəʊwɪ·naʊt</span>，这里也有个 <span class="pho">w</span> 的加音（ [2.2.13](25-jw)）；
|
||||
> * *with the*，<span class="pho alt">wɪθ ðə</span>，<span class="pho">θ· ð</span> 两个相近的辅音叠在一起，前一个只剩下了停顿，<span class="pho alt">wɪ·ðə</span>（[2.2.5.2](17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)）；
|
||||
> * *got to*，<span class="pho alt">gɒt tʊ</span>，两个 <span class="pho">t</span> 叠在一起，前一个只剩下了停顿（[2.2.5.2](17-td#_2-2-5-2-叠音)），后面的 <span class="pho">to</span> 被弱读（[3.5](34-strong-weak)）成了 <span class="pho alt">tə</span>，<span class="pho">t</span> 还是弹舌音（[2.2.5.4](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）： <span class="pho alt">gɒ·t̬(ə)</span>；
|
||||
> * *something*, 说的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈsəmθɪn</span>（[2.2.3](15-mn)）；
|
||||
> * *with him*，<span class="pho">h</span> 被击穿（[2.2.8](20-h)），说成了 <span class="pho alt">wɪ·θəm</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
等到你完整理解 [3. 进阶](29-advanced) 之后，你可能还会注意到另外一些更重要的细节（比如以上例子中两次提到的 [3.5](34-strong-weak)。
|
||||
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
|
||||
> * 这段语音出自 *Knowledge and Decisions* by Thomas Sowell 的 Audible 版。
|
||||
> * *Pitch Contour* 截图来自学习辅助工具 [Enjoying](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english)。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的**可换气停顿**（用 `|` 标注） —— 当然，句子短的话，倒也不一定非要换气：
|
||||
在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的**可换气停顿**（用 <span class="pho">|</span> 标注） —— 当然，句子短的话，倒也不一定非要换气：
|
||||
|
||||
> Yet, | it is a fact of life | that an *un·lettered* peasant is considered ignorant.
|
||||
|
||||
还有一处重音之前的**非换气停顿**（用 `·` 标注），需要仔细听才能注意到，在 *un·lettered* 这个词里，*un* 被拉长，而后的 `/le/` 这个音节是重音。
|
||||
还有一处重音之前的**非换气停顿**（用 <span class="pho">·</span> 标注），需要仔细听才能注意到，在 *un·lettered* 这个词里，*un* 被拉长，而后的 <span class="pho alt">le</span> 这个音节是重音。
|
||||
|
||||
可能会令你意外的是，*an unlettered* 这两个词并没有被连读，*an* 和 *un* 之间倒是有个明显的 “非换气停顿”: *an·un·lettered*。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -31,22 +31,22 @@
|
||||
> 1. 抬高那个重音音节的声调；
|
||||
> 2. 为了做到前面这一点，就需要有所停顿，或者把前面的一个音节略微拉长。
|
||||
|
||||
你先按照自己的习惯读一遍 *especially* `/ɪˈspeʃəlɪ/`，然后再换个方式这么读：
|
||||
你先按照自己的习惯读一遍 *especially* <span class="pho alt">ɪˈspeʃəlɪ</span>，然后再换个方式这么读：
|
||||
|
||||
> * 把 `/ɪs/` 中的 `s` 夸张地拉长，保持气流振动；
|
||||
> * 然后再抬高声调清楚地读出那个重音音节 `/ˈpe/`；
|
||||
> * 而后顺畅地接着把后面的 `/ʃəlɪ/` 读完……
|
||||
> * 把 <span class="pho alt">ɪs</span> 中的 <span class="pho">s</span> 夸张地拉长，保持气流振动；
|
||||
> * 然后再抬高声调清楚地读出那个重音音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈpe</span>；
|
||||
> * 而后顺畅地接着把后面的 <span class="pho alt">ʃəlɪ</span> 读完……
|
||||
|
||||
再试试 *abstraction* `/æbˈstrækʃən/`:
|
||||
再试试 *abstraction* <span class="pho alt">æbˈstrækʃən</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 读完 `/æb/` 之后夸张地停顿一下 —— 因为 `b` 这个音没办法拉长，嘴闭上了，没有气流振动；
|
||||
> * 然后再抬高声调清楚地说出 `/ˈstræk/`；
|
||||
> * 而后顺畅地把后面的 `/ʃən/` 读完……
|
||||
> * 读完 <span class="pho alt">æb</span> 之后夸张地停顿一下 —— 因为 <span class="pho">b</span> 这个音没办法拉长，嘴闭上了，没有气流振动；
|
||||
> * 然后再抬高声调清楚地说出 <span class="pho alt">ˈstræk</span>；
|
||||
> * 而后顺畅地把后面的 <span class="pho alt">ʃən</span> 读完……
|
||||
|
||||
是不是感觉不一样？—— 亚洲语言里大多没有这种重音、非重音的区别，没有这种强调某个音节的习惯。所以，也没有为了重音有意停顿或者把之前音节拉长的习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
还记得吗？之前讲解 `t` 的时候（[2.2.5](17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)）提到过它可能造成的 **“看不见” 甚至 “听不到”，但 “的确存在” 的停顿**吗？那也是这里所说的 “非换气停顿”。
|
||||
还记得吗？之前讲解 <span class="pho">t</span> 的时候（[2.2.5](17-td#_2-2-5-1-省音)）提到过它可能造成的 **“看不见” 甚至 “听不到”，但 “的确存在” 的停顿**吗？那也是这里所说的 “非换气停顿”。
|
||||
|
||||
自然语音中的**非换气停顿**总是被第二语言学习者忽略 。不仅如此，也总是被流行的语音教材忽略，它们也好像都不是很在意这个关键细节。
|
||||
|
||||
当人们追求 “流利” 的时候，总是误以为**连贯**（[2.3](26-catenation)）是最大的关键**。连贯**的确关键，但，的确还有比它更重要的因素，那就是**停顿**，首先，**没有停顿就没有节奏**；而后，更不可回避的事实是，我们讲话也好唱歌也罢，不可能没有停顿 —— **停顿不可或缺**。
|
||||
当人们追求 “流利” 的时候，总是误以为**连贯**（[2.3](26-catenation)）是最大的关键**。连贯**的确关键，但，的确还有比它更重要的因素，那就是**停顿**，首先，**没有停顿就没有节奏**；而后，更不可回避的事实是，我们讲话也好唱歌也罢，不可能没有停顿 —— **停顿不可或缺**。
|
||||
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/yet-it-is-a-fact-of-life.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
|
||||
|
||||
如果你可以唱出 $\frac{4}{4}$ `| 3 2 1 - |` —— 当然，这三个音符其实任何人都可以唱出来……
|
||||
如果你可以唱出 $\frac{4}{4}$ <span class="pho">| 3 2 1 - |</span> —— 当然，这三个音符其实任何人都可以唱出来……
|
||||
|
||||
<video controls width="720"> <source src="/videos/321.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
|
||||
|
||||
那你可以把 *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... 用三个不同的音唱出来，`/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)`，你就能体会到自然语音中的音高变化了。唉…… 不得不叹口气 —— 其实吧，“说话” 真的只不过是 “极其低配版的歌唱”，因为它的曲调（*Melody*）只是在一个特别狭小音高区域（*Pitch region*）里变化。
|
||||
那你可以把 *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... 用三个不同的音唱出来，<span class="pho">/fækt/(3) /fækt/(2) /fækt/(1-)</span>，你就能体会到自然语音中的音高变化了。唉…… 不得不叹口气 —— 其实吧，“说话” 真的只不过是 “极其低配版的歌唱”，因为它的曲调（*Melody*）只是在一个特别狭小音高区域（*Pitch region*）里变化。
|
||||
@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
|
||||
# 3.4. 起伏
|
||||
|
||||
外国人学中文的时候，最麻烦的一件事是学习中文每个字的声调，一二三四声以及轻声。`ma` 这个音，可以有 `mā, má, mǎ, mà` 以及 `ma`。对外国人来说（比如英文母语使用者），这一点令他们格外头痛：中文同一个音的不同声调会影响其含义。
|
||||
外国人学中文的时候，最麻烦的一件事是学习中文每个字的声调，一二三四声以及轻声。<span class="pho">ma</span> 这个音，可以有 <span class="pho">mā, má, mǎ, mà</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ma</span>。对外国人来说（比如英文母语使用者），这一点令他们格外头痛：中文同一个音的不同声调会影响其含义。
|
||||
|
||||
英文的音节不仅没有指定的声调，并且，声调的变化也不影响音节的含义。一般来说，声调主要在**重音音节**上有所体现。偶尔，在**句末**或者**换气停顿**之前的最后一个**非重音音节**也可能带着声调 —— 这时一般只有**平调**。
|
||||
|
||||
理论上，重音音节都可以有最常见的三种声调的读法，**平调**、**升调**、**降调**。比如，`→`*big*, `↗`*big*, `↘`*big*，`→`*fact*, `↗`*fact*, `↘`*fact*……
|
||||
理论上，重音音节都可以有最常见的三种声调的读法，**平调**、**升调**、**降调**。比如，<span class="pho">→</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*big*，<span class="pho">→</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*fact*……
|
||||
|
||||
偶尔，你也会听到一些人会使用**降升调**，一般是在**双元音**上。比如，`⤻`sure, i`⤻`dea……
|
||||
偶尔，你也会听到一些人会使用**降升调**，一般是在**双元音**上。比如，<span class="pho">⤻</span>sure, i<span class="pho">⤻</span>dea……
|
||||
|
||||
注意：如果**短元音**的音节用**平调**读出来，会自然而然地有所**拉长**。
|
||||
|
||||
如果是多音节词汇，要分两种情况：
|
||||
|
||||
> * 最后一个音节是**重音**：*adapt*, a`→`dapt，a`↗`dapt，a`↘`dapt
|
||||
> * 最后一个音节是**重音**：*adapt*, a<span class="pho">→</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↗</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↘</span>dapt
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * 倒数第二个音节是重音：
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * 第一种情况是**重音**用更高**音调** —— 以下用 `↑` 表示音调（*pitch*）的提高：
|
||||
> * 第一种情况是**重音**用更高**音调** —— 以下用 <span class="pho">↑</span> 表示音调（*pitch*）的提高：
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *component*, com`↑`po·nent
|
||||
> * *component*, com<span class="pho">↑</span>po·nent
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *condition*, con`↑`di·tion
|
||||
> * *condition*, con<span class="pho">↑</span>di·tion
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 在这种情况下，最后一个音节只能继续轻声读出来……
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * 第二种情况是**重音**用**降调**
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *component*, com`↘`po`→`nent，com`↘`po`↗`nent，com`↘`po·nent
|
||||
> * *component*, com<span class="pho">↘</span>po<span class="pho">→</span>nent，com<span class="pho">↘</span>po<span class="pho">↗</span>nent，com<span class="pho">↘</span>po·nent
|
||||
>
|
||||
> * *condition*, con`↘`di`→`tion，con`↘`di`↗`tion，con`↘`di·tion
|
||||
> * *condition*, con<span class="pho">↘</span>di<span class="pho">→</span>tion，con<span class="pho">↘</span>di<span class="pho">↗</span>tion，con<span class="pho">↘</span>di·tion
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 由于倒数第二个音节是重音，声调在那里已经明显完成，所以，随后的最后一个音节只需要轻声读出来就可以了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
各种语言都有这种现象，主要原因可能是因为**太常见**、**太容易理解**、**不可能被误解**、**相对于不那么重要**等等诸如此类的原因，乃至于说话者在说那些**词汇**（或者**音节**）的时候会**更快**或者**更轻**，甚至**合并**或者**省略**。
|
||||
|
||||
北京人在说 “不知道” 这三个字的时候，有可能说出来的是用拼音都很难标记的 `bù(r)dào`，其中原本应该的 `zhī` 被糊弄成了甚至好像没有韵母的 `r`…… 但，谁都听得懂，哪怕最初不习惯，听个两三次也就适应了。
|
||||
北京人在说 “不知道” 这三个字的时候，有可能说出来的是用拼音都很难标记的 <span class="pho">bù(r)dào</span>，其中原本应该的 <span class="pho">zhī</span> 被糊弄成了甚至好像没有韵母的 <span class="pho">r</span>…… 但，谁都听得懂，哪怕最初不习惯，听个两三次也就适应了。
|
||||
|
||||
某个单词被强读或者被弱读的时候，该单词的元音长短和重音所在（如果是多音节单词的话）都会相应发生变化，具体常见变化如下：
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -52,62 +52,61 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> - 长元音会变得短一些（几乎与短元音的长度相当）；
|
||||
> - 重音音节会变得与非重音音节一样轻；
|
||||
> - 很多元音都会发生变化，向 `ə` 靠拢；
|
||||
> - 清辅音 `s`、`t`、`k`、`f` 之后的元音 `ə` 可能会直接被省略掉；
|
||||
> - 很多元音都会发生变化，向 <span class="pho">ə</span> 靠拢；
|
||||
> - 清辅音 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">k</span>、<span class="pho">f</span> 之后的元音 <span class="pho">ə</span> 可能会直接被省略掉；
|
||||
> - 整个单词所处的音高往往是 “高”、“中”、“低” 之中的 “低”，最多是 “中”……
|
||||
|
||||
其实，哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候，其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如，*city* 这个单词，重音在第一个音节上，而两处的元音是一样的：`/ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ/`；但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重，自然而然就能感觉到第一个 `ɪ` 只能比第二个 `ɪ` 更长。
|
||||
其实，哪怕在单独读某一个单词的时候，其中元音的长短都会受到重音重读的影响。比如，*city* 这个单词，重音在第一个音节上，而两处的元音是一样的：<span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ-t̬ɪ</span>；但是只要你把第一个音节读得足够重，自然而然就能感觉到第一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 只能比第二个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 更长。
|
||||
|
||||
大多数助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词，都有两种发音形式：**强读式**（*accented form*）、**弱读式**（*weak form*） —— 这些单词往往都是单音节单词。在自然语流中，它们更多的情况下是以**弱读式**读出的。以下是其中最常见的强读式、弱读式对照列表。注意，以下的列表不能当作硬规则使用，不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读；也不是所有的实词都必须被强读。下面的列表只是在描述现象。
|
||||
|
||||
> - a: `/eɪ/` → `/ə/`
|
||||
> - am: `/æm/` → `/əm, m/`
|
||||
> - an: `/æn/` → `/ən, n/`
|
||||
> - and: `/ænd/` → `/ənd, nd, ən, n/`
|
||||
> - any: `/'eni/` → `/ni/`
|
||||
> - are: `/ɑ/:` → `/ə/`
|
||||
> - as: `/æs/` → `/əz/`
|
||||
> - at: `/æt/` → `/ət/`
|
||||
> - but: `/bʌt/` → `/bət/`
|
||||
> - can: `/kæn/` → `/kən, kn, kŋ/`
|
||||
> - could: `/kud/` → `/kəd, kd/`
|
||||
> - do: `/duː/` → `/du, də, d/`
|
||||
> - does: `/dʌz/` → `/dəz/`
|
||||
> - for: `/fɔː/` → `/fə, f/`
|
||||
> - from: `/frɔm/` → `/frəm, frm/`
|
||||
> - had: `/hæd/` → `/həd, əd, d/`
|
||||
> - has: `/hæz/` → `/həz, əz/`
|
||||
> - have: `/hæv/` → `/həv, həf, əv, əf/`
|
||||
> - he: `/hiː/` → `/hi, iː, i/`
|
||||
> - her: `/həː/` → `/hə, əː, ə/`
|
||||
> - him: `/him/` → `/im/`
|
||||
> - his: `/hiz/` → `/iz/`
|
||||
> - I: `/ai/` → `/aː, ə/`
|
||||
> - is: `/iz/` → `/s, z/`
|
||||
> - many: `/'meni/` → `/mni/`
|
||||
> - me: `/miː/` → `/mi/`
|
||||
> - must: `/mʌst/` → `/məst, məs/`
|
||||
> - my: `/mai/` → `/mi/`
|
||||
> - of: `/əv/` → `/əv, v, f, ə/`
|
||||
> - our: `/ɑʊɚ/` → `/ɑr` ⭢ `ɑ/`
|
||||
> - shall: `/ʃæl/` → `/ʃəl, ʃl/`
|
||||
> - she: `/ʃiː/` → `/ʃi/`
|
||||
> - should: `/ʃud/` → `/ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt/`
|
||||
> - so: `/səʊ/` → `/sə/`
|
||||
> - some: `/sʌm/` → `/səm, sm/`
|
||||
> - such: `/sʌʧ/` → `/səʧ/`
|
||||
> - than: `/ðæn/` → `/ðən, ðn/`
|
||||
> - that: `/ðæt/` → `/ðət/`
|
||||
> - the: `/ði/:` → `/ði, ðə/`
|
||||
> - them: `/ðem/` → `/ðəm, ðm, əm, m/`
|
||||
> - then: `/ðen/` → `/ðən/`
|
||||
> - to: `/tuː/` → `/tu, tə, t/`
|
||||
> - us: `/us/` → `/əs/`
|
||||
> - was: `/wɔz/` → `/wəz, wə/`
|
||||
> - we: `/wiː/` → `/wi/`
|
||||
> - were: `/wəː/` → `/wə/`
|
||||
> - when: `/wen/` → `/wən/`
|
||||
> - will: `/wɪl/` → `/əl, l`/
|
||||
> - would: `/wuːd/` → `/wəd, əd/`
|
||||
> - you: `/juː/` → `/ju, jə/`
|
||||
|
||||
> - a: <span class="pho alt">eɪ</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
|
||||
> - am: <span class="pho alt">æm</span> → <span class="pho alt">əm, m</span>
|
||||
> - an: <span class="pho alt">æn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ən, n</span>
|
||||
> - and: <span class="pho alt">ænd</span> → <span class="pho alt">ənd, nd, ən, n</span>
|
||||
> - any: <span class="pho alt">'eni</span> → <span class="pho alt">ni</span>
|
||||
> - are: <span class="pho">/ɑ/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ə</span>
|
||||
> - as: <span class="pho alt">æs</span> → <span class="pho alt">əz</span>
|
||||
> - at: <span class="pho alt">æt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ət</span>
|
||||
> - but: <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span> → <span class="pho alt">bət</span>
|
||||
> - can: <span class="pho alt">kæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">kən, kn, kŋ</span>
|
||||
> - could: <span class="pho alt">kud</span> → <span class="pho alt">kəd, kd</span>
|
||||
> - do: <span class="pho alt">duː</span> → <span class="pho alt">du, də, d</span>
|
||||
> - does: <span class="pho alt">dʌz</span> → <span class="pho alt">dəz</span>
|
||||
> - for: <span class="pho alt">fɔː</span> → <span class="pho alt">fə, f</span>
|
||||
> - from: <span class="pho alt">frɔm</span> → <span class="pho alt">frəm, frm</span>
|
||||
> - had: <span class="pho alt">hæd</span> → <span class="pho alt">həd, əd, d</span>
|
||||
> - has: <span class="pho alt">hæz</span> → <span class="pho alt">həz, əz</span>
|
||||
> - have: <span class="pho alt">hæv</span> → <span class="pho alt">həv, həf, əv, əf</span>
|
||||
> - he: <span class="pho alt">hiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hi, iː, i</span>
|
||||
> - her: <span class="pho alt">həː</span> → <span class="pho alt">hə, əː, ə</span>
|
||||
> - him: <span class="pho alt">him</span> → <span class="pho alt">im</span>
|
||||
> - his: <span class="pho alt">hiz</span> → <span class="pho alt">iz</span>
|
||||
> - I: <span class="pho alt">ai</span> → <span class="pho alt">aː, ə</span>
|
||||
> - is: <span class="pho alt">iz</span> → <span class="pho alt">s, z</span>
|
||||
> - many: <span class="pho alt">'meni</span> → <span class="pho alt">mni</span>
|
||||
> - me: <span class="pho alt">miː</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> - must: <span class="pho alt">mʌst</span> → <span class="pho alt">məst, məs</span>
|
||||
> - my: <span class="pho alt">mai</span> → <span class="pho alt">mi</span>
|
||||
> - of: <span class="pho alt">əv</span> → <span class="pho alt">əv, v, f, ə</span>
|
||||
> - our: <span class="pho alt">ɑʊɚ</span> → <span class="pho">/ɑr</span> ⭢ <span class="pho">ɑ/</span>
|
||||
> - shall: <span class="pho alt">ʃæl</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəl, ʃl</span>
|
||||
> - she: <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃi</span>
|
||||
> - should: <span class="pho alt">ʃud</span> → <span class="pho alt">ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt</span>
|
||||
> - so: <span class="pho alt">səʊ</span> → <span class="pho alt">sə</span>
|
||||
> - some: <span class="pho alt">sʌm</span> → <span class="pho alt">səm, sm</span>
|
||||
> - such: <span class="pho alt">sʌʧ</span> → <span class="pho alt">səʧ</span>
|
||||
> - than: <span class="pho alt">ðæn</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən, ðn</span>
|
||||
> - that: <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðət</span>
|
||||
> - the: <span class="pho">/ði/:</span> → <span class="pho alt">ði, ðə</span>
|
||||
> - them: <span class="pho alt">ðem</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðəm, ðm, əm, m</span>
|
||||
> - then: <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> → <span class="pho alt">ðən</span>
|
||||
> - to: <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> → <span class="pho alt">tu, tə, t</span>
|
||||
> - us: <span class="pho alt">us</span> → <span class="pho alt">əs</span>
|
||||
> - was: <span class="pho alt">wɔz</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəz, wə</span>
|
||||
> - we: <span class="pho alt">wiː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wi</span>
|
||||
> - were: <span class="pho alt">wəː</span> → <span class="pho alt">wə</span>
|
||||
> - when: <span class="pho alt">wen</span> → <span class="pho alt">wən</span>
|
||||
> - will: <span class="pho alt">wɪl</span> → <span class="pho">/əl, l</span>/
|
||||
> - would: <span class="pho alt">wuːd</span> → <span class="pho alt">wəd, əd</span>
|
||||
> - you: <span class="pho alt">juː</span> → <span class="pho alt">ju, jə</span>
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -10,16 +10,15 @@
|
||||
|
||||
<audio controls><source src="/audios/toefl-sampe-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element.</source></audio>
|
||||
|
||||
请仔细注意这一串音节：*here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... 它们原本应该被读作 `/ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvvəː(r)səti/`…… 可你听到的是什么呢？`ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvvəː(r)sət̬i/`（括号里的音素省略到几乎听不清）……
|
||||
请仔细注意这一串音节：*here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... 它们原本应该被读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvvəː(r)səti</span>…… 可你听到的是什么呢？<span class="pho">ˈ/hiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvvəː(r)sət̬i/</span>（括号里的音素省略到几乎听不清）……
|
||||
|
||||
> * *at* 被轻读成 `/ət/`，而其中的 `ə` 又几乎被省略掉了；
|
||||
> * 而 *our* 原本单独朗读的话，应该是 `/ɑʊə/`，却只变成了 `/ɑ/`（[3.5](34-strong-weak)）；又由于这是美式发音（毕竟是 TOEFL 听力考试题），好像是多了个 `r`，所以是 `/ɑr/`（[2.1.2](05-Ʌ)）；
|
||||
> * *at* 中的 `t`，由于前后被两个元音夹着，所以变成了和 `d` 非常接近的 `t̬`（[2.2.5](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）；
|
||||
> * 为了把 *university* 中的长元音重读音节 `/vəː/` 读清楚，与前一个音节 `/junə/` 之间有个细微的停顿（[3.2](31-pause)），而 `/vəː/` 读成了平调（[3.4](33-up-down)）……
|
||||
> * *at* 被轻读成 <span class="pho alt">ət</span>，而其中的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 又几乎被省略掉了；
|
||||
> * 而 *our* 原本单独朗读的话，应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɑʊə</span>，却只变成了 <span class="pho alt">ɑ</span>（[3.5](34-strong-weak)）；又由于这是美式发音（毕竟是 TOEFL 听力考试题），好像是多了个 <span class="pho">r</span>，所以是 <span class="pho alt">ɑr</span>（[2.1.2](05-Ʌ)）；
|
||||
> * *at* 中的 <span class="pho">t</span>，由于前后被两个元音夹着，所以变成了和 <span class="pho">d</span> 非常接近的 <span class="pho">t̬</span>（[2.2.5](17-td#_2-2-5-4-弹舌音)）；
|
||||
> * 为了把 *university* 中的长元音重读音节 <span class="pho alt">vəː</span> 读清楚，与前一个音节 <span class="pho alt">junə</span> 之间有个细微的停顿（[3.2](31-pause)），而 <span class="pho alt">vəː</span> 读成了平调（[3.4](33-up-down)）……
|
||||
|
||||
日常生活中，绝大多数人讲话并不会刻意在乎**节奏**，也常常感觉并无必要。但，总有一些人是训练有素的，比如，他们需要朗读、录音、演讲，甚至表演…… 于是，他们会有意无意地控制**节奏**。
|
||||
|
||||
这也是为什么绝大多数人在模仿外语录音的时候总是感觉心有余力不足的原因，首先因为他们忽视了**节奏**这个格外重要的因素。另外，他们忘了被模仿的语音，是训练有素且相当专业的声音，那甚至是质量极高难度极大的表演 —— 这更是提高了普通人模仿的难度。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，说话的**节奏**，本质上来看，毕竟没多复杂，只不过是由**缓急**和适当**停顿**构成的…… 再加上**高低起伏轻重**构成的**韵律**，就更好听了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
|
||||
英语的元音天然有**长短**之分，短元音当然短，长元音和双元音相对于短元音更长。如果韵律节奏相对更重要，那么，若是某个或者某些音节的**长短**搞错了的话，整个语音的节奏都会乱掉。
|
||||
|
||||
::: tip
|
||||
总是需要格外提醒的是， `æ` 是长元音（[2.1.3](06-e)），虽然这个音标并没有长元音符号 `ː`……
|
||||
总是需要格外提醒的是， <span class="pho">æ</span> 是长元音（[2.1.3](06-e)），虽然这个音标并没有长元音符号 <span class="pho">ː</span>……
|
||||
:::
|
||||
|
||||
对于**韵律节奏**，需要在脑子里生成一个简单清晰却又记忆深刻的框架：
|
||||
@@ -58,4 +58,4 @@
|
||||
跟读多了，很快就能习惯那些最重要但不一定总结得出来的系统化特征 —— 我们就是这样学会并在一定程度上能够做到说好母语的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: 语音来自 [Automatic Prosody Annotation with Pre-Trained Text-Speech Model](https://daisyqk.github.io/Automatic-Prosody-Annotation_w/)。
|
||||
[^1]: 语音来自 [Automatic Prosody Annotation with Pre-Trained Text-Speech Model](https://daisyqk.github.io/Automatic-Prosody-Annotation_w/)。
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user