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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.1.5-ə.md
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# 2.1.5. `ə`/`ɚ`/`ɝː`
# 2.1.5. <span class="pho">ə</span>/<span class="pho">ɚ</span>/<span class="pho">ɝː</span>
`ə` 在美式英语中有三个版本，非重读音节央元音 `ə`（schwa），儿化短元音 `ɚ` 和儿化长元音 `ɝː`。
<span class="pho">ə</span> 在美式英语中有三个版本，非重读音节央元音 <span class="pho">ə</span>（schwa），儿化短元音 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和儿化长元音 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>。
In American English, there are three versions of the sound `ə`, including the schwa `ə`, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel `ɚ`, and the rhotacized long vowel `ɝː`.
In American English, there are three versions of the sound <span class="pho">ə</span>, including the schwa <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is used in unstressed syllables, the rhotacized short vowel <span class="pho">ɚ</span>, and the rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">ɝː</span>.
初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 `ə` 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到所有的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都要读成儿化音…… 比如，可能会把 *focus* 错读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>。
Beginners tend to overdo it and add a `r` whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as `/ˈfoʊkɚs/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
Beginners tend to overdo it and add a <span class="pho">r</span> whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing *focus* as <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊkɚs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/us/focurs-us.mp3"></span>.
`ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
<span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 这两个儿化音，有两种发声方式，一种是凭直觉卷起舌尖，这也是绝大多数初学者发这个音的唯一选择。
The rhotacized `ɚ` and `ɝː` sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
The rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> and <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Most beginners instinctively curl their tongue tip to produce this sound, as it's generally the only method they're familiar with.
由于这个音发声时的舌头动作是别人看不见的，所以，人们在学这个发音的时候，无法猜到第二种方式：舍尾部分抬起来，使舌的两侧接触到后牙。舌尾的中心部分较低，空气通过这个凹槽产生声音。
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ The rhotacized `ɚ` and `ɝː` sounds, can be produced in two different ways. Mo
Since the tongue's movements are invisible during speech, it's difficult for learners to guess the second method, which involves lifting the back part of the tongue, and allowing the sides of the tongue to touch the back teeth. The center of the tongue's rear is slightly lowered, creating a groove for the air to pass through and generate the sound.
另外，辅音 `ʃ/ʒ`、`tʃ/dʒ` 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
另外，辅音 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>、<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 在发音的时候，舌尾也是同样的位置。
Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants `ʃ/ʒ` ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and `tʃ/dʒ` ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
Moreover, when pronouncing the consonants <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> ([2.2.8](2.2.8-ʃʒ)) and <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> ([2.2.10](2.2.10-tʃdʒ)), the position of the back part of the tongue is the same.
值得注意的是，美式英语的 `ɚ` 和 `ɝː` 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。
值得注意的是，美式英语的 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 在发音时，**舌尖从不接触牙或者龈嵴**。
It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized `ɚ` or `ɝː` sound.
It should be noted, in American English pronunciation, the tongue tip *never* touches the teeth or the *alveolar ridge* when making the rhotacized <span class="pho">ɚ</span> or <span class="pho">ɝː</span> sound.
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 `ə`（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 `ɪ`。比如，*individual*, `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`，实际上会被读作 `ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— `u` 也变成了 `ə`，而后 `u` 和 `ə` 之间有个加音 `w`…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 <span class="pho">ə</span>（*schwa*）的倾向，尤其是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>。比如，*individual*, <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span>，实际上会被读作 <span class="pho">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">u</span> 也变成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，而后 <span class="pho">u</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 之间有个加音 <span class="pho">w</span>…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to `ə` (*schwa*), especially `ɪ`. For instance, *individual* `/ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/`, is often actually pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - `u` also becomes `ə`, and there's a added `w` sound between `u` and `ə`… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to <span class="pho">ə</span> (*schwa*), especially <span class="pho">ɪ</span>. For instance, *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl</span>, is often actually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> - <span class="pho">u</span> also becomes <span class="pho">ə</span>, and there's a added <span class="pho">w</span> sound between <span class="pho">u</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span>… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.