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# 2.3.2. 重音(Stress)
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当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时,其中的某个音节可能带有重音(*stress*),在音标中使用 `ˈ` 作为标记。
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当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时,其中的某个音节可能带有重音(*stress*),在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˈ</span> 作为标记。
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When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by `ˈ` in phonetic notation.
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When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by <span class="pho">ˈ</span> in phonetic notation.
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一个多音节词汇中,最多只有一个重音音节,但,可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**(*secondary stress*),在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如,*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>,有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节,其中 7 个是次重音,唯一的重音是 `oʊ`……
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一个多音节词汇中,最多只有一个重音音节,但,可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**(*secondary stress*),在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˌ</span> 作为标记。比如,*serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>,有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节,其中 7 个是次重音,唯一的重音是 <span class="pho">oʊ</span>……
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In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span> has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`.
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In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by <span class="pho">ˌ</span> in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span> has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on <span class="pho">oʊ</span>.
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在学习英文的时候,亚洲人特别需要注意的是,要从心理上纠正一个对应关系,“英文音节 - 字”,而不是 “英文单词 - 字” —— 亚洲文字,无论是中文、日文还是韩文,所有的字都是单音节构成。
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What Asian learners of English must be especially mindful of is to mentally correct the correlation from "*English syllable - Asian Character*" instead of "English word - Asian Character". This is because all characters in Asian languages, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, are composed of single syllables.
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*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词,总计 *5* 个音节,即,相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量:
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*individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这一个单词,总计 *5* 个音节,即,相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量:
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The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
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The word *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
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> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` —— 总计 *8* 个字,*8* 个音节。
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> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*.
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> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词yar,*19* 个音节。
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> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
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> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> —— 总计 *8* 个字,*8* 个音节。
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> * 人们看法各不相同。<span class="pho">[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]</span> - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*.
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> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> —— 总计 *7* 个单词yar,*19* 个音节。
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> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. <span class="pho alt">ˈpiːpəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈveri frɑːm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl tuː ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span> - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
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这个对应关系的纠正很重要,因为这个对应关系在最底层影响连贯声音的理解方式。
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@@ -41,23 +41,23 @@ However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely b
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英语里除了**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**之外,还有**弱音**,比如被弱化成 `ə` 的 *schwa*。
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英语里除了**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**之外,还有**弱音**,比如被弱化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的 *schwa*。
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In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (`ə`) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
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In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (<span class="pho">ə</span>) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
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细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词,如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话,应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面,第 2 个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`;另外,第 4 个音节 `/dʒu/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`,但保留了 `u` 的音色;而处于音节末尾的 `l`,之前自带着轻微的 `ə`,于是连成了很轻的 `wᵊl`……
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细细体会 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词,如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话,应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl</span>…… 这里面,第 2 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span>里的元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 被弱化为 <span class="pho">ə</span>;另外,第 4 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> 里的元音 <span class="pho">ju</span> 也被弱化成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>,但保留了 <span class="pho">u</span> 的音色;而处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span>,之前自带着轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span>,于是连成了很轻的 <span class="pho">wᵊl</span>……
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Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒu/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wᵊl`...
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Let's dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, it's pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel <span class="pho">ɪ</span> in the second syllable <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span> is reduced to the schwa sound, <span class="pho">ə</span>; likewise, the vowel <span class="pho">ju</span> in the fourth syllable <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> is also reduced to <span class="pho">ə</span>, but retains the coloration of <span class="pho">u</span>. The <span class="pho">l</span> at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight <span class="pho">ə</span> sound, thus becomes a very light <span class="pho">wᵊl</span>...
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英文的元音有长短之分。需要注意的是:当一个**短元音**构成的**音节**是**重音**的时候,该音节会自然而然读得更长一些,比如 *city* 或者 *silly* 之中的第一个重音音节 `/ˈsɪ/` —— 可能是因为 `s` 音拉得更长;再比如,*Thanks, I owe you a big one.* 这句话里的 *big* —— 可能是因为 `bɪg` 这个词(**音节**)的**音调**(pitch, [2.5.1](2.5.1-pitch))拉高,或者干脆是 `ɪ` 这个**短元音**拉长……
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英文的元音有长短之分。需要注意的是:当一个**短元音**构成的**音节**是**重音**的时候,该音节会自然而然读得更长一些,比如 *city* 或者 *silly* 之中的第一个重音音节 <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ</span> —— 可能是因为 <span class="pho">s</span> 音拉得更长;再比如,*Thanks, I owe you a big one.* 这句话里的 *big* —— 可能是因为 <span class="pho">bɪg</span> 这个词(**音节**)的**音调**(pitch, [2.5.1](2.5.1-pitch))拉高,或者干脆是 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 这个**短元音**拉长……
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In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, `/ˈsɪ/` may be extended due to the drawn-out `s` sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable `bɪg` is raised or simply because the short vowel `ɪ` is stretched out.
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In English, vowel sounds can vary in length. It's interesting to note that when a syllable with a short vowel sound is *stressed*, it's naturally pronounced a bit longer. For example, the first stressed syllable in words like *city* or *silly*, <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪ</span> may be extended due to the drawn-out <span class="pho">s</span> sound. Similarly, the word *big* in the sentence "*Thanks, I owe you a big one*," may be elongated because the pitch of the syllable <span class="pho">bɪg</span> is raised or simply because the short vowel <span class="pho">ɪ</span> is stretched out.
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有些时候,同样的词汇,因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如,*address*, `/ˈædres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词,“地址”;`/əˈdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词,“强调”;再比如,*record*,可以读作 `/ˈrekɚd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>,前者是名词,后者是动词。
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有些时候,同样的词汇,因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如,*address*, <span class="pho alt">ˈædres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词,“地址”;<span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词,“强调”;再比如,*record*,可以读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>,前者是名词,后者是动词。
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At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdres/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span>, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrekɚd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> or `/rɪˈkɔːrd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
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At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈæˌdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as <span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span>, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> or <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
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类似的还有很多,比如以下常见词汇[^1]:
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@@ -65,71 +65,71 @@ Note, the same word, when pronounced with stress on different syllables, can cha
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| Noun | Verb |
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| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| 'conduct `/ˈkɑːndʌkt/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct `/kənˈdʌkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'conflict `/ˈkɑːnflɪkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict `/kənˈflɪkt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'convert `/ˈkɑːnvɝːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert `/kənˈvɝːt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'digest `/ˈdaɪdʒest/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest `/daɪˈdʒest/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'permit `/ˈpɝːmɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit `/pɚˈmɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'rebel `/ˈrebəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel `/rɪˈbel/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'subject `/ˈsʌbdʒekt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject `/səbˈdʒekt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'conduct <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːndʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'conflict <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict <span class="pho alt">kənˈflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'convert <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert <span class="pho alt">kənˈvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'digest <span class="pho alt">ˈdaɪdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest <span class="pho alt">daɪˈdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
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| 'permit <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝːmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit <span class="pho alt">pɚˈmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
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| 'rebel <span class="pho alt">ˈrebəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel <span class="pho alt">rɪˈbel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
| 'subject <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject <span class="pho alt">səbˈdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
|
||||
|
||||
在随后的章节里我们会涉及到重音音节的另外一个重点 —— 音调(*tone*,[2.5.2](2.5.2-tone))。
|
||||
|
||||
In the upcoming sections, we'll be covering another important aspect of stressed syllables — tone ([2.5.2](2.5.2-tone)).
|
||||
|
||||
不妨逐个练习一下以下常用多音节词汇,注意**重音**、**次重音**,以及**非重音**和**弱音** `ə`(*schwa*):
|
||||
不妨逐个练习一下以下常用多音节词汇,注意**重音**、**次重音**,以及**非重音**和**弱音** <span class="pho">ə</span>(*schwa*):
|
||||
|
||||
Let's practice the pronunciation of the following commonly used multi-syllable words one by one. Pay attention to the *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, as well as *unstressed*, or *weak* `ə` (schwa) sounds:
|
||||
Let's practice the pronunciation of the following commonly used multi-syllable words one by one. Pay attention to the *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, as well as *unstressed*, or *weak* <span class="pho">ə</span> (schwa) sounds:
|
||||
|
||||
> * *accommodate* `/əˈkɑːmədeɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anniversary* `/ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anticipate* `/ænˈtɪsəpeɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *appreciate* `/əˈpriːʃieɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *beautiful* `/ˈbjuːt̬əfəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *celebration* `/ˌseləˈbreɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *characteristic* `/ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *communication* `/kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *determination* `/dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *discovery* `/dɪˈskʌvɚi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *encouragement* `/ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *entrepreneur* `/ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *environment* `/ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *exaggerate* `/ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *examination* `/ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *explanation* `/ˌekspləˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *fascinating* `/ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *government* `/ˈɡʌvɚnmənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *hospitality* `/ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *imagination* `/ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *impossible* `/ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *incredible* `/ɪnˈkredəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *independent* `/ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *information* `/ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *inspiration* `/ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *interesting* `/ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *international* `/ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *knowledgeable* `/ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *opportunity* `/ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *personality* `/ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *photography* `/fəˈtɑːɡrəfi/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *professional* `/prəˈfeʃənəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *recognition* `/ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *rehabilitation* `/ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *relationship* `/rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *responsibility* `/rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *revolutionary* `/ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *satisfaction* `/ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *spectacular* `/spekˈtækjəlɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *temperature* `/ˈtempɚətʃɚ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *transportation* `/ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unbelievable* `/ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understand* `/ˌʌndɚˈstænd/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understanding* `/ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unforgettable* `/ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *university* `/ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vegetarian* `/ˌvedʒəˈteriən/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vocabulary* `/voʊˈkæbjəleri/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vulnerable* `/ˈvʌlnɚəbəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *wonderfully* `/ˈwʌndɚfəli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *accommodate* <span class="pho alt">əˈkɑːmədeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anniversary* <span class="pho alt">ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *anticipate* <span class="pho alt">ænˈtɪsəpeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *appreciate* <span class="pho alt">əˈpriːʃieɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *beautiful* <span class="pho alt">ˈbjuːt̬əfəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *celebration* <span class="pho alt">ˌseləˈbreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *characteristic* <span class="pho alt">ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *communication* <span class="pho alt">kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *determination* <span class="pho alt">dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *discovery* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌvɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *encouragement* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *entrepreneur* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *environment* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *exaggerate* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *examination* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *explanation* <span class="pho alt">ˌekspləˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *fascinating* <span class="pho alt">ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *government* <span class="pho alt">ˈɡʌvɚnmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *hospitality* <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *imagination* <span class="pho alt">ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *incredible* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkredəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *independent* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈpendənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *information* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *inspiration* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *interesting* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *international* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *knowledgeable* <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *opportunity* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *personality* <span class="pho alt">ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *photography* <span class="pho alt">fəˈtɑːɡrəfi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *professional* <span class="pho alt">prəˈfeʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *recognition* <span class="pho alt">ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *rehabilitation* <span class="pho alt">ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *relationship* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *revolutionary* <span class="pho alt">ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *satisfaction* <span class="pho alt">ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *spectacular* <span class="pho alt">spekˈtækjəlɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *temperature* <span class="pho alt">ˈtempɚətʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *transportation* <span class="pho alt">ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unbelievable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understand* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *understanding* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *unforgettable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *university* <span class="pho alt">ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vegetarian* <span class="pho alt">ˌvedʒəˈteriən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vocabulary* <span class="pho alt">voʊˈkæbjəleri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *vulnerable* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlnɚəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *wonderfully* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʌndɚfəli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: Sound files in this list come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user