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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop.md

@@ -12,30 +12,30 @@ In natural speech flow, many polysyllabic words are often peppered with *breaks*
 
  When we want to emphasize a syllable, we often need to *stop* briefly before it to prepare for the pronunciation.
 
-比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 为了把 `/luː/` 这个音节读成**重音**（顺带说，这是个长元音），你可能就会不由自主地在发出 `sə` 之后略微**停顿**一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 再试一下，若是在 `/vɪ/` 之前略微**停顿**一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成**重音**。
+比如，你可以试着读一下 *absolutely* <span class="pho alt">ˌæbsəˈluːtli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 为了把 <span class="pho alt">luː</span> 这个音节读成**重音**（顺带说，这是个长元音），你可能就会不由自主地在发出 <span class="pho">sə</span> 之后略微**停顿**一下…… 拿之前的例子 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 再试一下，若是在 <span class="pho alt">vɪ</span> 之前略微**停顿**一下，就能相对更为轻松地将它读成**重音**。
 
-Take the word *absolutely* `/ˌæbsəˈluːtli/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span> for instance. To *stress* the `/luː/` syllable, which is long, you might find yourself involuntarily stopping slightly after pronouncing `sə`. The same practice applies to the word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>, which you've practiced before. A brief stop before `/vɪ/` makes it relatively easier to stress.
+Take the word *absolutely* <span class="pho alt">ˌæbsəˈluːtli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/absolutely-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/absolutely-us-female.mp3"></span> for instance. To *stress* the <span class="pho alt">luː</span> syllable, which is long, you might find yourself involuntarily stopping slightly after pronouncing <span class="pho">sə</span>. The same practice applies to the word *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span>, which you've practiced before. A brief stop before <span class="pho alt">vɪ</span> makes it relatively easier to stress.
 
 另外一个更为常见的**停顿**相对比较微妙，它就在那里，可不仅听不到，也看不到。
 
 Another frequent stop is more subtle. It's there, but you can't see or hear it.
 
-比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，`t` 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/`，也不是 `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`，而是 `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 这里的 `·` 表示因 `t` 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 *network* `/ˈnetˌwərk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词 —— 这里面的 `t` 也是同样的机制。（注意，也有人用喉塞音读这里的 `t`）
+比如，在 *hotdog* 这个词里，<span class="pho">t</span> 的声音是听不到的，但，它的舌尖动作却是**完整**的，所以，能够听到的不是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑtˌdɔg</span>，也不是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑˌdɔg</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 这里的 <span class="pho">·</span> 表示因 <span class="pho">t</span> 的舌尖动作完整却没有发出任何声音而产生的**停顿**。你可以再试试 *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetˌwərk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词 —— 这里面的 <span class="pho">t</span> 也是同样的机制。（注意，也有人用喉塞音读这里的 <span class="pho">t</span>）
 
-Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the `t`, but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing `/ˈhɑtˌdɔg/` or `/ˈhɑˌdɔg/`, you hear `/ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> – the `·` represents a stop created by the `t` sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with *network* `/ˈnetˌwərk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> – the `t` applies the same principle. (Note, some people pronounce the `t` in this context using a *glottal stop*.)
+Consider the word *hotdog*. You can't hear the <span class="pho">t</span>, but the articulation is complete. So instead of hearing <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑtˌdɔg</span> or <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑˌdɔg</span>, you hear <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑ·ˌdɔg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hotdog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hotdog-us-female.mp3"></span> – the <span class="pho">·</span> represents a stop created by the <span class="pho">t</span> sound's complete articulation without any audible output. Try the same with *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈnetˌwərk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span> – the <span class="pho">t</span> applies the same principle. (Note, some people pronounce the <span class="pho">t</span> in this context using a *glottal stop*.)
 
 这类**停顿**（*stop*），也叫**塞音**，最常见的有以下几种：
 
 There are several types of *stops* in English:
 
-> * 唇塞音：`p`、`b`、`m`、`f`、`v` —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/help/` 末尾的 `p` 就是一个唇塞音。
-> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the `p` in `/help/` is a labial stop.
-> * 齿塞音：`θ`、`ð` —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 `/pæθ/` 末尾的 `θ` 就是一个齿塞音。
-> * **Dental stop**: `θ`, `ð`  - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final `θ` in `/pæθ/` is a dental stop.
-> * 龈塞音: `t`、`d` —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 `/traɪd/` 末尾的 `d` 就是一个龈塞音。
-> * **Alveolar stop**: `t`, `d` - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final `d` in `/traɪd/` is an alveolar stop.
-> * 喉塞音：`k`, `g`, `t` —— IPA 里用 `ʔ`标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 `k` 就是一个喉塞音，`/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`。 *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… `t` 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>。
-> * **Glottal stop**: `k`, `g`, `t` - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol `ʔ`. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in `/θɪŋʔ ðæt/`. Another example is the word *uh-oh* `/ɑʔoʊ/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, `t` can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* `/ˈʌʔˌmoʊst/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* `/ˈneʔwɝːk/`<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
+> * 唇塞音：<span class="pho">p</span>、<span class="pho">b</span>、<span class="pho">m</span>、<span class="pho">f</span>、<span class="pho">v</span> —— *I just cannot hel**p** myself*. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 <span class="pho alt">help</span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">p</span> 就是一个唇塞音。
+> * **Bilabial stop**: As in *I just cannot hel**p** myself* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-just-cannot-nova.mp3"></span>, the <span class="pho">p</span> in <span class="pho alt">help</span> is a labial stop.
+> * 齿塞音：<span class="pho">θ</span>、<span class="pho">ð</span> —— *I wish the pa**th** to success was smoother.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span> 第四个单词 <span class="pho alt">pæθ</span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">θ</span> 就是一个齿塞音。
+> * **Dental stop**: <span class="pho">θ</span>, <span class="pho">ð</span>  - As in *I wish the *pa**th*** to success was smoother*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-wish-the-nova.mp3"></span>, the final <span class="pho">θ</span> in <span class="pho alt">pæθ</span> is a dental stop.
+> * 龈塞音: <span class="pho">t</span>、<span class="pho">d</span> —— *He trie**d** to discuss his idea with his boss.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span> 第二个单词 <span class="pho alt">traɪd</span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">d</span> 就是一个龈塞音。
+> * **Alveolar stop**: <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span> - As in *He *trie**d*** to discuss his idea with his boss*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-tried-to-nova.mp3"></span>, where the final <span class="pho">d</span> in <span class="pho alt">traɪd</span> is an alveolar stop.
+> * 喉塞音：<span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">t</span> —— IPA 里用 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>标注。 *I don't thin**k** that is true.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> 第三个单词 *think* 末尾的 <span class="pho">k</span> 就是一个喉塞音，<span class="pho alt">θɪŋʔ ðæt</span>。 *uh-oh* <span class="pho alt">ɑʔoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 是另外一个例子…… <span class="pho">t</span> 也有可能用这个喉塞音，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈneʔwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>。
+> * **Glottal stop**: <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">t</span> - In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the glottal stop is represented by the symbol <span class="pho">ʔ</span>. Take the sentence *I don't think that's true*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sentence-don't-think-nova.mp3"></span> for example. At the end of the word *think*, there's a glottal stop, as in <span class="pho alt">θɪŋʔ ðæt</span>. Another example is the word *uh-oh* <span class="pho alt">ɑʔoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>. Also, <span class="pho">t</span> can sometimes be replaced with a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span> or *network* <span class="pho alt">ˈneʔwɝːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/network-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/network-us-female.mp3"></span>.
 
 不管是哪一种，大多都是因为之前的一个辅音**虽然并未发出声音却动作完整**造成的。
 
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ Check out the recording of this stentence:
 > * *Pitch Contour* 截图来自学习辅助工具 [Enjoy](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english)。
 > * The screenshot of the Pitch Contour is from the learning aid App [Enjoy](https://github.com/xiaolai/everyone-can-use-english).
 
-在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的停顿（用 `|` 标注）：
+在 Waveform 里我们可以清楚地看到，这句话里有两处明显的停顿（用 <span class="pho">|</span> 标注）：
 
-In the Waveform, we can clearly see two significant pauses (marked with `|`) in this sentence:
+In the Waveform, we can clearly see two significant pauses (marked with <span class="pho">|</span>) in this sentence:
 
 > *Yet, | it is a fact of life | that an unlettered peasant is considered ignorant.* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yet-it-is-a-fact.mp3"></span>
 
@@ -75,4 +75,4 @@ The distinction between *stop* and *pause* can be clarified by whether or not on
 > * 意群之间的**暂停**（*pause*）是可以换气的 —— 当然若非必要也可以不换气；
 > * A *pause* typically happens between meaning groups, where you have the opportunity to take a breath - although it's not always necessary to do so.
 
-[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of *Knowledge and Decisions* by Thomas Sowell.
+[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of *Knowledge and Decisions* by Thomas Sowell.