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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.5.2-tone.md
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# 2.5.2. 起伏（Tone）
把中文当作外语学习的时候，最麻烦的一件事是学习中文每个字的声调，一二三四声以及轻声。`ma` 这个音，可以有 `mā, má, mǎ, mà` 以及 `ma`。更令人格外头痛的是：同一个音的不同声调会代表不同的含义。
把中文当作外语学习的时候，最麻烦的一件事是学习中文每个字的声调，一二三四声以及轻声。<span class="pho">ma</span> 这个音，可以有 <span class="pho">mā, má, mǎ, mà</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ma</span>。更令人格外头痛的是：同一个音的不同声调会代表不同的含义。
When learning Chinese as a foreign language, one of the biggest hurdles is mastering the *tones* of each character. For example, the sound `ma` can be expressed as `mā, má, mǎ, mà` or with a *soft tone* `ma`, each with a different meaning depending on the tone.
When learning Chinese as a foreign language, one of the biggest hurdles is mastering the *tones* of each character. For example, the sound <span class="pho">ma</span> can be expressed as <span class="pho">mā, má, mǎ, mà</span> or with a *soft tone* <span class="pho">ma</span>, each with a different meaning depending on the tone.
英文的音节不仅没有指定的声调，并且，声调的变化也不影响音节的含义。一般来说，声调主要在**重音音节**上有所体现。偶尔，在**句末**或者**意群末**的最后一个**非重音音节**也可能带着声调 —— 这时一般只有**平调**。
In contrast, English syllables don't have designated tones, and changes in tone won't alter the meaning of the syllable. Tones in English are usually reflected on the stressed syllable. Sometimes, the last unstressed syllable at the end of a sentence or phrase may carry a tone, which is typically a flat tone.
理论上，**重音音节**都可以有最常见的三种声调的读法，**平调**、**升调**、**降调**。比如，`→`*big*, `↗`*big*, `↘`*big*，`→`*fact*, `↗`*fact*, `↘`*fact*…… 而**非重音音节**只有**轻声**。
理论上，**重音音节**都可以有最常见的三种声调的读法，**平调**、**升调**、**降调**。比如，<span class="pho">→</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*big*，<span class="pho">→</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*fact*…… 而**非重音音节**只有**轻声**。
In theory, *stressed syllables* can have the three most common tones: *flat*, *rising*, or *falling*. You could say *big* with a flat, rising, or falling tone, `→`*big*, `↗`*big*, `↘`*big*; the same goes for *fact*, `→`*fact*, `↗`*fact*, `↘`*fact*... In contrast to stressed syllables, *unstressed syllables* are *always* pronounced in a *soft tone*.
In theory, *stressed syllables* can have the three most common tones: *flat*, *rising*, or *falling*. You could say *big* with a flat, rising, or falling tone, <span class="pho">→</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*big*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*big*; the same goes for *fact*, <span class="pho">→</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↗</span>*fact*, <span class="pho">↘</span>*fact*... In contrast to stressed syllables, *unstressed syllables* are *always* pronounced in a *soft tone*.
偶尔，你也会听到一些人会使用**降升调**，一般是在**双元音**上。比如，`⤻`sure, i`⤻`dea…… 更多的时候，**降升调**实际上是由两个音节构成的，前一个音节降调，后一个音节升调，比如，*progress* 可以被读成 `↘`*pro*`↗`*gress*.
偶尔，你也会听到一些人会使用**降升调**，一般是在**双元音**上。比如，<span class="pho">⤻</span>sure, i<span class="pho">⤻</span>dea…… 更多的时候，**降升调**实际上是由两个音节构成的，前一个音节降调，后一个音节升调，比如，*progress* 可以被读成 <span class="pho">↘</span>*pro*<span class="pho">↗</span>*gress*.
Occasionally, a *falling-rising* tone is used, typically on *diphthongs*, for instance, *`⤻`sure* or *i`⤻`dea*. More often than not, a *falling-rising* tone is actually made up of two syllables, with the first syllable falling and the second syllable rising. For instance, the word *progress* can be pronounced as `↘`*pro*`↗`*gress*
Occasionally, a *falling-rising* tone is used, typically on *diphthongs*, for instance, *<span class="pho">⤻</span>sure* or *i<span class="pho">⤻</span>dea*. More often than not, a *falling-rising* tone is actually made up of two syllables, with the first syllable falling and the second syllable rising. For instance, the word *progress* can be pronounced as <span class="pho">↘</span>*pro*<span class="pho">↗</span>*gress*
注意：如果**短元音**的音节用**平调**读出来，会自然而然地有所**拉长**。
@@ -24,21 +24,21 @@ Note: *Short vowel* syllables read with a *flat* tone naturally tend to *lengthe
For multi-syllable words, there are two scenarios:
> * 最后一个音节是**重音**：*adapt*, a`→`dapt，a`↗`dapt，a`↘`dapt
> * 最后一个音节是**重音**：*adapt*, a<span class="pho">→</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↗</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↘</span>dapt
>
> * Last syllable is stressed: *adapt*, a`→`dapt，a`↗`dapt，a`↘`dapt
> * Last syllable is stressed: *adapt*, a<span class="pho">→</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↗</span>dapt，a<span class="pho">↘</span>dapt
>
> * 倒数第二个音节是重音：
>
> * Penultimate syllable is stressed:
>
> * 第一种情况是**重音**用更高**音调** —— 以下用 `↑` 表示音调（*pitch*）的提高：
> * 第一种情况是**重音**用更高**音调** —— 以下用 <span class="pho">↑</span> 表示音调（*pitch*）的提高：
>
> * First case: using *a higher pitch* for the stressed syllable, indicated by `↑` for pitch increase:
> * First case: using *a higher pitch* for the stressed syllable, indicated by <span class="pho">↑</span> for pitch increase:
>
> * *component*, com`↑`po·nent
> * *component*, com<span class="pho">↑</span>po·nent
>
> * *condition*, con`↑`di·tion
> * *condition*, con<span class="pho">↑</span>di·tion
>
> 在这种情况下，最后一个音节只能继续**轻声**读出来……
>
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ For multi-syllable words, there are two scenarios:
>
> * Second case: using a falling tone for the stressed syllable:
>
> * *component*, com`↘`po`→`nent，com`↘`po`↗`nent，com`↘`po·nent
> * *component*, com<span class="pho">↘</span>po<span class="pho">→</span>nent，com<span class="pho">↘</span>po<span class="pho">↗</span>nent，com<span class="pho">↘</span>po·nent
>
> * *condition*, con`↘`di`→`tion，con`↘`di`↗`tion，con`↘`di·tion
> * *condition*, con<span class="pho">↘</span>di<span class="pho">→</span>tion，con<span class="pho">↘</span>di<span class="pho">↗</span>tion，con<span class="pho">↘</span>di·tion
>
> 由于倒数第二个音节是**重音**，声调在那里已经明显**完成**，所以，随后的最后一个音节只需要**轻声**读出来就可以了。
>
@@ -72,4 +72,4 @@ Traditional phonetics lessons usually only cover *intonation* at the ends of sen
事实上，自然语流中，**每个非弱读音节都可能有属于自己的声调** —— 只不过，在没有计算机辅助的情况下，哪怕是母语使用者也无法逐一分辨…… 事实上，很多人连自己语音的每个音节声调究竟是如何控制的都无法说清楚。
However, in natural speech, every non-weak syllable might carry its own tone. Without technological assistance, even native speakers might struggle to distinguish these subtle differences. In fact, many people can't articulate how they control the tone of each syllable in their own speech.
However, in natural speech, every non-weak syllable might carry its own tone. Without technological assistance, even native speakers might struggle to distinguish these subtle differences. In fact, many people can't articulate how they control the tone of each syllable in their own speech.