08-19-0938, chapter 3.2.1, edge-tts
This commit is contained in:
xiaolai
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ export default withMermaid(
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// {
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// text: "1. 基础",
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// collapsed: true,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-basics",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/0-intro",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "1.1. 音素",
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@@ -147,65 +147,62 @@ export default withMermaid(
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collapsed: true,
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2-consonants",
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items: [
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{
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text: "2.2.1. 分类",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.1-categorization",
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text: "3.2.1. p/b",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.2. p/b",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.2-pb",
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text: "3.2.2. t/d",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.3. t/d",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td",
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text: "3.2.3. k/g",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.4. k/g",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg",
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text: "3.2.4. f/v",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-fv",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.5. f/v",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv",
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text: "3.2.5. s/z",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.6. s/z",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz",
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text: "3.2.6. θ/ð",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.7. θ/ð",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð",
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text: "3.2.7. ʃ/ʒ",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.8. ʃ/ʒ",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ",
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text: "3.2.8. h",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.9. h",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.9-h",
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text: "3.2.9. tʃ/dʒ",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.10. tʃ/dʒ",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.10-tʃdʒ",
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text: "3.2.10. tr/dr",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.11. tr/dr",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.11-trdr",
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text: "3.2.11. ts/dz",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.12. ts/dz",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.12-tsdz",
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text: "3.2.12. m, n, ŋ",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.13. m, n, ŋ",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ",
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text: "3.2.13. l, r",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.14. l, r",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr",
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},
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{
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text: "2.2.15. w, j",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.15-wj",
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text: "3.2.14. w, j",
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link: "/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj",
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},
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]
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},
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@@ -327,157 +324,6 @@ export default withMermaid(
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},
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],
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},
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// {
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// text: "语音塑造",
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// collapsed: true,
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "1. 基础",
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// collapsed: true,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-basics",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "1.1. 音素",
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// collapsed: true,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-phonemes",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "1.1.1. 元音",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-1-vowels",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "1.1.2. 辅音",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-2-consonants",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "1.1.3. 美式语音标注",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-3-us-phonemes",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "1.1.4. 示例",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/01-4-pangram",
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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// {
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// text: "1.2. 音节",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/02-syllables",
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2. 详解",
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// collapsed: true,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/03-details",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "2.1. 元音",
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// collapsed: false,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/03-vowels-overview",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "2.1.1. 口腔内气流共鸣位置",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/04-vowel-positions",
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// },
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// { text: "2.1.2. ʌ/ɑː", link: "/sounds-of-english/05-Ʌ" },
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// { text: "2.1.3. e/æ", link: "/sounds-of-english/06-e" },
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// { text: "2.1.4. ə/əː", link: "/sounds-of-english/07-ə" },
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// { text: "2.1.5. ɪ/iː", link: "/sounds-of-english/08-i" },
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// { text: "2.1.6. ʊ/uː", link: "/sounds-of-english/09-u" },
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// { text: "2.1.7. ɔ/ɔː", link: "/sounds-of-english/10-ɔ" },
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// {
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// text: "2.1.8. aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/11-aɪ",
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2.2. 辅音",
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// collapsed: false,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/12-consonants-overview",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "2.2.1. p, b, m, n, f, k, g, h",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/13-pbmnfkgh",
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// },
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// { text: "2.2.2. f, v", link: "/sounds-of-english/14-fv" },
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// {
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// text: "2.2.3. m, n, ŋ",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/15-mn",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2.2.4. t, d, s, z; ʃ, tʃ, dʒ",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/16-tdsz",
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// },
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// { text: "2.2.5. t, d", link: "/sounds-of-english/17-td" },
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// {
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// text: "2.2.6. tr, dr, ts, dz",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/18-trdr",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2.2.7. sp, st, str, sk",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/19-sptk",
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// },
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// { text: "2.2.8. h", link: "/sounds-of-english/20-h" },
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// { text: "2.2.9. θ, ð", link: "/sounds-of-english/21-θð" },
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// { text: "2.2.10. r", link: "/sounds-of-english/22-r" },
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// { text: "2.2.11. l", link: "/sounds-of-english/23-l" },
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// { text: "2.2.12. ʒ", link: "/sounds-of-english/24-ʒ" },
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// {
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// text: "2.2.13. j, w",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/25-jw",
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2.3. 连读",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/26-catenation",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2.4. 音标学习",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/27-learning-phonetics",
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// },
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// {
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// text: "2.4. 英美口音选择",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/28-choosing-accent",
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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// {
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// text: "3. 进阶",
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// collapsed: true,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/29-advanced",
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// items: [
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// {
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// text: "3.1 什么更重要？",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/30-more-important",
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// },
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// { text: "3.2 停顿", link: "/sounds-of-english/31-pause" },
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// { text: "3.3 高低", link: "/sounds-of-english/32-high-low" },
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// { text: "3.4 起伏", link: "/sounds-of-english/33-up-down" },
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// {
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// text: "3.5 轻重",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/34-strong-weak",
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// },
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// { text: "3.6 缓急", link: "/sounds-of-english/35-fast-slow" },
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// {
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// text: "3.7 长短",
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/36-long-short",
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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// {
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// text: "4. 收官",
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// collapsed: true,
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// link: "/sounds-of-english/37-round-up",
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// items: [
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// { text: "4.1 流利", link: "/sounds-of-english/38-fluent" },
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// { text: "4.2 情绪", link: "/sounds-of-english/39-emotional" },
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// ],
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// },
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// ],
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// },
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{
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text: "大脑内部",
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collapsed: true,
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@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ hero:
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link: /training-tasks/kick-off
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- theme: brand
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text: 语音塑造
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link: /sounds-of-american-english/1-basics
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link: /sounds-of-american-english/0-intro
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- theme: brand
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text: 大脑内部
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link: /in-the-brain/01-inifinite
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/big-stop-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/big-stop-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/big-stop-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/big-stop-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/big-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/big-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/big-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/big-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/blob-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/blob-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/blob-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/blob-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/but-stop-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/but-stop-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/but-stop-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/but-stop-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/club-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/club-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/club-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/club-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/cup-stop-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/cup-stop-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/cup-stop-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/cup-stop-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/hopper-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/hopper-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/hopper-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/hopper-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/math-stop-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/math-stop-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/math-stop-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/math-stop-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/pat-us-male.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/pick-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/pick-us-female.mp3
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BIN
1000-hours/public/audios/pick-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/pick-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/puppet-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/puppet-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/puppet-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/puppet-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/reasonable-ɤ-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/reasonable-ɤ-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/reasonable-ɤ-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/reasonable-ɤ-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/stop-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/stop-us-female.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/stop-us-male.mp3
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1000-hours/public/audios/stop-us-male.mp3
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@@ -29,10 +29,21 @@
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},
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{
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"cell_type": "code",
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"execution_count": null,
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"execution_count": 9,
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"id": "71d35cd9",
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"metadata": {},
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"outputs": [],
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"outputs": [
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{
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"name": "stdout",
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"output_type": "stream",
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"text": [
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"['en-US-GuyNeural', 'en-US-AriaNeural']\n",
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"big\n",
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"../audios/big-stop-us-male.mp3 created\n",
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"../audios/big-stop-us-female.mp3 created\n"
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]
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}
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],
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"source": [
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||||
"import edge_tts\n",
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"import os\n",
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@@ -74,25 +85,7 @@
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" print(voices)\n",
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"\n",
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"words = \"\"\"\n",
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"bed,\n",
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"guess,\n",
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"pet,\n",
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"bread,\n",
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"dead,\n",
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"lead,\n",
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"any,\n",
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"many,\n",
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"says,\n",
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"again,\n",
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"said,\n",
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"friend,\n",
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"apple,\n",
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"cat,\n",
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"glass,\n",
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"calf,\n",
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"half,\n",
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"laugh,\n",
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"draught,\n",
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"big\n",
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"\"\"\"\n",
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"\n",
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"for word in words.strip().split(','):\n",
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@@ -100,7 +93,7 @@
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" for i, voice in enumerate(voices):\n",
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" w = word.strip().lower()\n",
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" if len(w) > 0:\n",
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" filename = f'../audios/{w}-{regions[i]}-{genders[i]}.mp3'\n",
|
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" filename = f'../audios/{w}-stop-{regions[i]}-{genders[i]}.mp3'\n",
|
||||
" await generate_edge_tts_audio(w, filename, voice=voice, verbose=True, overwrite=False, play=True)\n"
|
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]
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},
|
||||
|
||||
192
1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/rename.ipynb
Normal file
192
1000-hours/public/jupyter-notebooks/rename.ipynb
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
|
||||
{
|
||||
"cells": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"cell_type": "code",
|
||||
"execution_count": 8,
|
||||
"metadata": {},
|
||||
"outputs": [],
|
||||
"source": [
|
||||
"import os\n",
|
||||
"\n",
|
||||
"# get all md file name start wtih 3.2.\n",
|
||||
"md_files = [f for f in os.listdir('.') if f.startswith('3.2.') and f.endswith('.md')]\n",
|
||||
"for f in md_files:\n",
|
||||
" # get string between 3.2. and -\n",
|
||||
" order = f.split('3.2.')[1].split('-')[0]\n",
|
||||
" new_name = f'3.2.{str(int(order)-1)}-{f.split(\"-\")[1]}'\n",
|
||||
" # rename file\n",
|
||||
" os.rename(f, new_name)"
|
||||
]
|
||||
},
|
||||
{
|
||||
"cell_type": "code",
|
||||
"execution_count": 18,
|
||||
"metadata": {},
|
||||
"outputs": [
|
||||
{
|
||||
"name": "stdout",
|
||||
"output_type": "stream",
|
||||
"text": [
|
||||
"\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.1. p/b\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.2. t/d\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.3. k/g\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.4. f/v\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-fv\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.5. s/z\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.6. θ/ð\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.7. ʃ/ʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.8. h\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.9. tʃ/dʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.10. tr/dr\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.11. ts/dz\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.12. m, n, ŋ\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.13. l, r\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"3.2.14. w, j\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" ]\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
"\n"
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
],
|
||||
"source": [
|
||||
"text = \"\"\"\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.2. p/b\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.2-pb\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.3. t/d\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.4. k/g\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.4-kg\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.5. f/v\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.5-fv\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.6. s/z\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.6-sz\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.7. θ/ð\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.7-θð\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.8. ʃ/ʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.8-ʃʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.9. h\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.9-h\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.10. tʃ/dʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.10-tʃdʒ\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.11. tr/dr\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.11-trdr\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.12. ts/dz\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.12-tsdz\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.13. m, n, ŋ\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.13-mnŋ\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.14. l, r\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.14-lr\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" {\n",
|
||||
" text: \"2.2.15. w, j\",\n",
|
||||
" link: \"/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.15-wj\",\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
" ]\n",
|
||||
" },\n",
|
||||
"\"\"\"\n",
|
||||
"\n",
|
||||
"lines = text.split('\\n')\n",
|
||||
"for line in lines:\n",
|
||||
" if \"2.2.\" in line:\n",
|
||||
" order = line.split('2.2.')[1].split('.')[0]\n",
|
||||
" if len(order) <= 2:\n",
|
||||
" new_order = str(int(order)-1)\n",
|
||||
" line = line.replace(f'2.2.{order}', f'2.2.{new_order}')\n",
|
||||
" order = line.split('2.2.')[1].split('-')[0]\n",
|
||||
" if len(order) <= 2:\n",
|
||||
" new_order = str(int(order)-1)\n",
|
||||
" line = line.replace(f'2.2.{order}', f'2.2.{new_order}')\n",
|
||||
" line = line.replace('2.2.', '3.2.')\n",
|
||||
" print(line) \n"
|
||||
]
|
||||
}
|
||||
],
|
||||
"metadata": {
|
||||
"kernelspec": {
|
||||
"display_name": "base",
|
||||
"language": "python",
|
||||
"name": "python3"
|
||||
},
|
||||
"language_info": {
|
||||
"codemirror_mode": {
|
||||
"name": "ipython",
|
||||
"version": 3
|
||||
},
|
||||
"file_extension": ".py",
|
||||
"mimetype": "text/x-python",
|
||||
"name": "python",
|
||||
"nbconvert_exporter": "python",
|
||||
"pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
|
||||
"version": "3.12.2"
|
||||
}
|
||||
},
|
||||
"nbformat": 4,
|
||||
"nbformat_minor": 2
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
# 简介
|
||||
# 语音塑造
|
||||
|
||||
为了真正掌握**美式英语**的语音 —— 所有语言都一样，都以**语音**为核心和基础 —— 我们必须熟练掌握**音标**，为此我们要做到：
|
||||
为了真正掌握**美式英语**的语音 —— 其实所有语言都一样，都以**语音**为核心和基础 —— 我们必须熟练掌握**音标**，为此我们要做到：
|
||||
|
||||
> * 看到音标就能说出音素；
|
||||
> * 听到音素就能写出音标；
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
|
||||
# 1. 音素与音标
|
||||
|
||||
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（*phonemes*）。英语的音素分为**元音**（*vowels*）和**辅音**（*consonants*）。**音标**（*phonetics*）是用来标记音素的符号系统 —— 每个音素都由一个独特的音标符号标记。
|
||||
在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（*phonemes*）。
|
||||
|
||||
英语的音素分为**元音**（*vowels*）和**辅音**（*consonants*）。**音标**（*phonetics*）是用来标记音素的符号系统 —— 每个音素都由一个独特的音标符号标记。
|
||||
|
||||
我们采用的是《剑桥英语发声词典》（[Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/), i.e. *CEPD*）的音标标注体系。
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -11,7 +13,13 @@
|
||||
> * 短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 用 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 标注
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t</span> 增加了一个弹舌音版本 <span class="pho">t̬</span>
|
||||
|
||||
以下的罗列部分基于[《剑桥英语发声词典》](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/)的官方音标指南，在此基础上做了一些补充并重新排序[^2]，并刻意减少了例词的数量。
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 你可能注意到了，同一个基础音素的变体，可能用了不同的写法，比如， <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 这个基础音素，短元音用的是 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>，长元音不是 <span class="pho">ʌː</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>，而后组合成双元音的时候用的是 <span class="pho">a</span> —— <span class="pho">aɪ，aʊ</span> 等等……
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 这么做的理由在于，当这些音素连在一起的时候，不会被错误组合，不会产生混淆，确保每个音素都有一个独特对应的符号[^2]。
|
||||
|
||||
以下的罗列部分基于[《剑桥英语发声词典》](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/)的官方音标指南，在此基础上做了一些补充并重新排序[^3]，并刻意减少了例词的数量。
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
> 《剑桥英语发声词典》官方音标指南（Pronunciation symbols）：
|
||||
@@ -200,7 +208,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> [《剑桥英语发声词典》的官方音标指南](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html)里除了 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 之外，其它元音的美式英语儿化音都没有罗列，比如，
|
||||
> [《剑桥英语发声词典》官方音标指南](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html)中除了 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ɝː</span> 之外，其它元音的美式英语儿化音都没有罗列，比如，
|
||||
<span class="pho">ɑːr</span>、<span class="pho">ɔːr</span>、<span class="pho">er</span>、<span class="pho">ɪr</span>、<span class="pho">ʊr</span>、<span class="pho">aɪr</span>、<span class="pho">aʊr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 1.2. 辅音
|
||||
@@ -384,7 +392,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> [《剑桥英语发声词典》的官方音标指南](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html)里没有罗列 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span>。
|
||||
> [《剑桥英语发声词典》官方音标指南](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html)中没有罗列 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
## 1.3. 外来音素
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -415,8 +423,10 @@
|
||||
| <span class="pho">◌̅, ◌́, ◌̌, ◌̀</span> | 音节声调 |
|
||||
| <span class="pho">◌̂</span> | 音高被抬高的音节 |
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: 现在几乎所有词典都声称自己采用国际音标（IPA），但它们无一例外，都是国际音标的一个 “**自定义子集**”。
|
||||
[^2]: 音标的语音文件来自剑桥官方网站；例词的语音文件部分使用 [Microsoft Edge TTS](https://github.com/rany2/edge-tts) 生成，声音角色选择分别是：*en-GB-ThomasNeural*，*en-GB-MaisieNeural*，*en-US-RogerNeural*，和 *en-US-JennyNeural*
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: 教程内音标字体选用的是 *Charis SIL*，https://software.sil.org/charis/
|
||||
[^2]: 现在几乎所有词典都声称自己采用国际音标（IPA），但它们无一例外，都是国际音标的一个 “**自定义子集**”。
|
||||
[^3]: 音素的语音文件来自剑桥官方网站；例词的语音文件大部分使用 [Microsoft Edge TTS](https://github.com/rany2/edge-tts) 生成，声音角色选择分别是：*en-GB-ThomasNeural*，*en-GB-MaisieNeural*，*en-US-RogerNeural*，和 *en-US-JennyNeural*
|
||||
|
||||
<style>
|
||||
span.alt {display: none;}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -88,138 +88,138 @@
|
||||
### <span class="pho">aɪ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **i**
|
||||
* align <span class="pho alt">əˈlaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/align-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/align-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ice <span class="pho alt">aɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ice-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ice-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* spider <span class="pho alt">ˈspaɪ.dɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spider-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spider-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* align <span class="pho alt">əˈlaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/align-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/align-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ice <span class="pho alt">aɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ice-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ice-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* spider <span class="pho alt">ˈspaɪ.dɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spider-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spider-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ie**
|
||||
* lies <span class="pho alt">laɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/lies-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/lies-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pie <span class="pho alt">paɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pie-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pie-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* tie <span class="pho alt">taɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tie-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tie-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* lies <span class="pho alt">laɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lies-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lies-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pie <span class="pho alt">paɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pie-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pie-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* tie <span class="pho alt">taɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tie-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tie-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **igh**
|
||||
* high <span class="pho alt">haɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/high-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/high-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* light <span class="pho alt">laɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/light-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/light-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* night <span class="pho alt">naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/night-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/night-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* high <span class="pho alt">haɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/high-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/high-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* light <span class="pho alt">laɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/light-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/light-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* night <span class="pho alt">naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/night-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/night-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **uy**
|
||||
* buy <span class="pho alt">baɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/buy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/buy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* guy <span class="pho alt">ɡaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/guy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/guy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* buy <span class="pho alt">baɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/buy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/buy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* guy <span class="pho alt">ɡaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **y**
|
||||
* cry <span class="pho alt">kraɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cry-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fly <span class="pho alt">flaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fly-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* supply <span class="pho alt">səˈplaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/supply-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/supply-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cry <span class="pho alt">kraɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cry-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fly <span class="pho alt">flaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fly-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fly-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* supply <span class="pho alt">səˈplaɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/supply-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/supply-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">eɪ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **a**
|
||||
* cake <span class="pho alt">keɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cake-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* make <span class="pho alt">meɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/make-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/make-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* table <span class="pho alt">ˈteɪ.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/table-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/table-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cake <span class="pho alt">keɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cake-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cake-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* make <span class="pho alt">meɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/make-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/make-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* table <span class="pho alt">ˈteɪ.bəl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/table-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/table-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ai**
|
||||
* paint <span class="pho alt">peɪnt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/paint-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/paint-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* rain <span class="pho alt">reɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rain-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rain-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* train <span class="pho alt">reɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/train-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/train-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* paint <span class="pho alt">peɪnt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/paint-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/paint-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* rain <span class="pho alt">reɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rain-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rain-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* train <span class="pho alt">reɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/train-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/train-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ay**
|
||||
* day <span class="pho alt">deɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* play <span class="pho alt">pleɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/play-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/play-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* stay <span class="pho alt">steɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/stay-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/stay-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* day <span class="pho alt">deɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/day-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* play <span class="pho alt">pleɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/play-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/play-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* stay <span class="pho alt">steɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stay-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stay-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ea**
|
||||
* break <span class="pho alt">breɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/break-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/break-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* great <span class="pho alt">ɡreɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/great-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/great-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* steak <span class="pho alt">steɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/steak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/steak-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* break <span class="pho alt">breɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/break-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/break-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* great <span class="pho alt">ɡreɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/great-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/great-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* steak <span class="pho alt">steɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/steak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/steak-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ei**/**eigh**
|
||||
* eight <span class="pho alt">eɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eight-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* reign <span class="pho alt">reɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/reign-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/reign-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* vein <span class="pho alt">veɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vein-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vein-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* weight <span class="pho alt">weɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/weight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/weight-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* eight <span class="pho alt">eɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/eight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/eight-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* reign <span class="pho alt">reɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reign-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reign-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* vein <span class="pho alt">veɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vein-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vein-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* weight <span class="pho alt">weɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/weight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/weight-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ey**
|
||||
* grey <span class="pho alt">ɡreɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/grey-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/grey-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* survey <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.veɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/survey-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/survey-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* they <span class="pho alt">ðeɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/they-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/they-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* grey <span class="pho alt">ɡreɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/grey-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/grey-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* survey <span class="pho alt">ˈsɝː.veɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/survey-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/survey-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* they <span class="pho alt">ðeɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/they-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/they-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **oi**
|
||||
* join <span class="pho alt">dʒɔɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/join-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/join-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* voice <span class="pho alt">vɔɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/voice-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/voice-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* join <span class="pho alt">dʒɔɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/join-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/join-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* voice <span class="pho alt">vɔɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/voice-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/voice-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **oy**
|
||||
* boy <span class="pho alt">bɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* joy <span class="pho alt">dʒɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/joy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/joy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* toy <span class="pho alt">tɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/toy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/toy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* boy <span class="pho alt">bɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* joy <span class="pho alt">dʒɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/joy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/joy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* toy <span class="pho alt">tɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/toy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/toy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">aʊ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **au**
|
||||
* kraut <span class="pho alt">kraʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/kraut-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/kraut-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* kraut <span class="pho alt">kraʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kraut-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kraut-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ou**
|
||||
* house <span class="pho alt">haʊs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/house-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/house-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* out <span class="pho alt">aʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/out-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* house <span class="pho alt">haʊs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/house-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/house-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* out <span class="pho alt">aʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/out-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ow**
|
||||
* brown <span class="pho alt">braʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/brown-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/brown-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cow <span class="pho alt">kaʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* flower <span class="pho alt">ˈflaʊ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/flower-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/flower-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* brown <span class="pho alt">braʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brown-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brown-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cow <span class="pho alt">kaʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* flower <span class="pho alt">ˈflaʊ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/flower-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/flower-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">oʊ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **o**
|
||||
* go <span class="pho alt">ɡoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/go-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/go-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* no <span class="pho alt">noʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/no-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/no-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* so <span class="pho alt">soʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/so-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/so-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* go <span class="pho alt">ɡoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/go-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/go-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* no <span class="pho alt">noʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/no-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/no-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* so <span class="pho alt">soʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/so-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/so-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **oa**
|
||||
* boat <span class="pho alt">boʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boat-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* road <span class="pho alt">roʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/road-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/road-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* soap <span class="pho alt">soʊp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/soap-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/soap-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* boat <span class="pho alt">boʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boat-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* road <span class="pho alt">roʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/road-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/road-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* soap <span class="pho alt">soʊp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/soap-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/soap-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **oe**
|
||||
* Joe <span class="pho alt">dʒoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/Joe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Joe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* foe <span class="pho alt">foʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* toe <span class="pho alt">toʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/toe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/toe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* Joe <span class="pho alt">dʒoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Joe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Joe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* foe <span class="pho alt">foʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/foe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/foe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* toe <span class="pho alt">toʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/toe-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/toe-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ow**
|
||||
* blow <span class="pho alt">bloʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* grow <span class="pho alt">ɡroʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/grow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/grow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* show <span class="pho alt">ʃoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/show-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/show-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* blow <span class="pho alt">bloʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* grow <span class="pho alt">ɡroʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/grow-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/grow-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* show <span class="pho alt">ʃoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/show-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/show-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ough**
|
||||
* though <span class="pho alt">ðoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/though-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/though-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* dough <span class="pho alt">doʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/dough-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/dough-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* though <span class="pho alt">ðoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/though-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/though-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* dough <span class="pho alt">doʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dough-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dough-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ew**
|
||||
* sew <span class="pho alt">soʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sew-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sew-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sew <span class="pho alt">soʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sew-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sew-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">er</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **ear**
|
||||
* bear <span class="pho alt">ber</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bear-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* bear <span class="pho alt">ber</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bear-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **air**
|
||||
* air <span class="pho alt">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/air-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/air-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fair <span class="pho alt">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fair-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pair <span class="pho alt">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pair-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* air <span class="pho alt">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/air-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/air-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fair <span class="pho alt">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fair-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pair <span class="pho alt">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pair-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **are**
|
||||
* care <span class="pho alt">ker</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/care-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/care-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fare <span class="pho alt">fer</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fare-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fare-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ware <span class="pho alt">wer</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ware-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ware-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* care <span class="pho alt">ker</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/care-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/care-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fare <span class="pho alt">fer</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fare-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fare-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ware <span class="pho alt">wer</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ware-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ware-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ɪr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **eer**
|
||||
* cheer <span class="pho alt">tʃɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheer-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* deer <span class="pho alt">dɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/deer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/deer-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* steer <span class="pho alt">stɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/steer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/steer-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cheer <span class="pho alt">tʃɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cheer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cheer-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* deer <span class="pho alt">dɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/deer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/deer-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* steer <span class="pho alt">stɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/steer-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/steer-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ear**
|
||||
* clear <span class="pho alt">klɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/clear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/clear-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fear <span class="pho alt">fɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fear-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* near <span class="pho alt">nɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/near-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/near-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* clear <span class="pho alt">klɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clear-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fear <span class="pho alt">fɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fear-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* near <span class="pho alt">nɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/near-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/near-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ier**
|
||||
* fierce <span class="pho alt">fɪrs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fierce-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fierce-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pier <span class="pho alt">pɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pier-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pier-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fierce <span class="pho alt">fɪrs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fierce-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fierce-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pier <span class="pho alt">pɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pier-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pier-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **eir**
|
||||
* weird <span class="pho alt">wɪrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/weird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/weird-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* weird <span class="pho alt">wɪrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/weird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/weird-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʊr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **ure**
|
||||
* cure <span class="pho alt">kjʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pure <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sure <span class="pho alt">ʃʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cure <span class="pho alt">kjʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pure <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sure <span class="pho alt">ʃʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **our**
|
||||
* tour <span class="pho alt">tʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/tour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/tour-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* velour <span class="pho alt">vəˈlʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/velour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/velour-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* your <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/your-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* tour <span class="pho alt">tʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tour-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* velour <span class="pho alt">vəˈlʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/velour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/velour-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* your <span class="pho alt">jʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/your-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/your-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **oor**
|
||||
* poor <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* moor <span class="pho alt">mʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* poor <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* moor <span class="pho alt">mʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
80
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md
Normal file
80
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.1-pb.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
|
||||
# 3.2.1. <span class="pho">p/b</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">p/b</span> 的发声动作一样，都是先把嘴唇闭合，而后用气流冲开嘴唇。<span class="pho">p</span> 没有声带振动 —— 所以是清辅音；而 <span class="pho">b</span> 有声带振动 —— 所以是浊辅音。
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.2.1.1. 示例
|
||||
|
||||
<table>
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
|
||||
<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td>D.J.</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
<td>IPA</td>
|
||||
<td>例词（Example）</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">p</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>p</b>oor <span class="pho alt">pɔː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/poor-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/poor-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">p</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>p</b>oor <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">b</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>b</b>ut <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/but-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/but-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><span class="pho">b</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
<td><b>b</b>ut <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.2.1.2. 极轻元音 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
不加讲解的话，很多人会以为这两个辅音都会自然带有很轻微的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色 —— 是气流冲开嘴唇自然产生的声音。
|
||||
|
||||
> [!Note]
|
||||
>
|
||||
> 《剑桥英语发声词典》中，辅音音素示例都刻意采用了 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的音色，例如，把 <span class="pho">p</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">pə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span>，把 <span class="pho">b</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">bə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
可事实上，那并不是 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，而是另外一个很轻的元音，是一个普遍没有被收录到英文音标里的国际音标符号，<span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>。其实，中文也有这个音，比如，在 “思念” 这个词中， “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母就是这个音，另外，韩文里也有这个音（韩文字符为 <span class="pho">ᅳ</span>），但日文里没有这个音。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然英文的音标列表里并没有收录 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 这个音，可实际上，你试试就知道了：<span class="pho">d</span> 常常被读作 <span class="pho">dɤ</span>，<span class="pho">g</span> 常常被读作 <span class="pho">gɤ</span> —— 其中的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 很轻很短；同样，<span class="pho">t</span> 实际上被读作 <span class="pho">tɤ</span>，<span class="pho">k</span> 被读作 <span class="pho">kɤ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
之前讲过，非重音音节里的元音可能会被弱化为 *schwa*（[3.1.1.2](3.1.1-ə#_3-1-1-2-央元音-ə)）<span class="pho">ə</span>…… 在自然语流中，连 *schwa* <span class="pho">ə</span> 都可能会被进一步弱化,变成非常轻的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如，常用词 *reasonable*，字典里标注的当然是 <span class="pho alt">ˈriːzənəbəl</span>，实际听到的常常是 <span class="pho alt">ˈriːzɤnəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reasonable-ɤ-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 拼写成 *so* 的这个音节，发音可能并不是词典里标注的 <span class="pho alt">zə</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">zɤ</span> 甚至干脆只剩下 <span class="pho alt">z</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.2.1.3. 阻塞音 <span class="pho">◌̚</span>
|
||||
|
||||
有些辅音 —— 比如，<span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">g</span>, <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">θ</span> —— 处于**自然语音**末尾（比如句子末尾，或者换气之前的意群末尾）的时候常常并不发音。这样的时候，需要引入另外一个英语音标里并未收录的符号，<span class="pho">◌̚</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
这里的 “不发音” 是指 “**声带没有振动**” 但 “**其他发声器官 —— 比如嘴唇、舌尖或喉咙 —— 动作完整**”。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">p̚</span>，嘴唇闭上，而后并没有继续张开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *cup* <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cup-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cup-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">g̚</span>，小舌抵住喉咙，而后并没有继续张开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *big* <span class="pho alt">bɪg</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/big-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/big-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t̚</span>，舌尖顶到位置 ③，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">θ̚</span>，舌尖顶到位置 ①，而后并没有离开，所以没有气流输出，也没有随后极其轻微的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>。比如 *math* <span class="pho alt">mæθ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/math-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/math-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 3.1.2.4. 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">p</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **p**
|
||||
* pat <span class="pho alt">pæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pat-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pick <span class="pho alt">pɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pick-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* stop <span class="pho alt">stɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stop-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **pp**
|
||||
* happy <span class="pho alt">ˈhæp.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/happy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* hopper <span class="pho alt">ˈhɑː.pɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hopper-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hopper-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* puppet <span class="pho alt">ˈpʌp.ɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/puppet-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/puppet-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">b</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **b**
|
||||
* big <span class="pho alt">bɪɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/big-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/big-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* blob <span class="pho alt">blɑːb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/blob-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/blob-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* club <span class="pho alt">klʌb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/club-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/club-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
25
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md
Normal file
25
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-trdr.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.11. <span class="pho">tr/dr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">tr/dr</span> 和 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 不一样的地方在于，虽然发声时起始的舌尖位置相同，但，<span class="pho">tr, dr</span> 在发声之前嘴唇要有个缩小成圆形的动作，所以它们开头的音节，总是听起来夹带着一个 <span class="pho">w</span>，*tree* <span class="pho">/triː</span>/ 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk.mp3"></span>，*dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> 听起来是 <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dry-uk.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The difference between the sounds <span class="pho">tr, dr</span> and <span class="pho">tʃ, dʒ</span> lies in the way they are pronounced. Although the initial tongue position is the same for both sets of sounds, with <span class="pho">tr, dr</span>, there's a slight rounding of the lips before voicing. As a result, the starting syllables often sound as if there's a <span class="pho">w</span> blended in. So, the word *tree* <span class="pho alt">triː</span> can sound like <span class="pho alt">tʃwiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/tree-uk.mp3"></span>, and *dry* <span class="pho alt">draɪ</span> can sound like <span class="pho alt">dʒwaɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dry-us.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dry-uk.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
很多地区的人基于自身母语的习惯，会把 <span class="pho">tr</span> 和 <span class="pho">dr</span> 分开着连续读出的。比如，*tree*，印度人可能会把它读成 <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 干脆读成 <span class="pho">d</span>，并且 <span class="pho">r</span> 还会用齿龈颤音；再比如，*driver*，可能会被俄罗斯人读成 <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span>，其中的 <span class="pho">r</span> 同样会用齿龈颤音。
|
||||
|
||||
People from many regions, guided by the habits of their native languages, may pronounce <span class="pho">tr</span> and <span class="pho">dr</span> as separate, continuous sounds. For instance, someone from India might pronounce *tree* as <span class="pho alt">tɤ.riː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/tree-ru-ru.mp3"></span>, with the <span class="pho">t</span> articulated as <span class="pho">d</span>, and the <span class="pho">r</span> as a [*voiced alveolar trill*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills). Similarly, the word *driver* might be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɤ.raɪvə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/driver-ru-ru.mp3"></span> by a Russian speaker, again using a voiced alveolar trill for the <span class="pho">r</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">tr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **tr**
|
||||
* track <span class="pho alt">træk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/track-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/track-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* tree <span class="pho alt">triː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tree-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tree-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* trick <span class="pho alt">trɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trick-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">dr</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **dr**
|
||||
* drive <span class="pho alt">draɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drive-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drive-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* dream <span class="pho alt">driːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dream-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dream-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* drink <span class="pho alt">drɪŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drink-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
27
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md
Normal file
27
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.11-tsdz.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.12. <span class="pho">ts/dz</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 和 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 不一样的地方在于发声时起始的舌尖位置，<span class="pho">s/z</span> 起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处；但，<span class="pho">ts/dz</span> 的舌尖要再往后一点，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置一样，贴在龈脊的那个部位之后开始发声。
|
||||
|
||||
The difference between <span class="pho">ts/dz</span> and <span class="pho">s/z</span> lies in the initial tongue position during pronunciation. For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* of the teeth and gums. However, for <span class="pho">ts/dz</span>, the tongue tip is a bit further back, identical to the initial position when pronouncing <span class="pho">t/d</span>. It starts pronouncing from that spot of the *alveolar ridge*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以用 *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词反复体会 <span class="pho">s</span>、<span class="pho">d</span>、<span class="pho">ts</span> 的舌尖位置（注意，开头的 <span class="pho">st</span> 会被读成 <span class="pho">sd</span>）……
|
||||
|
||||
The word *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span> can be repeatedly pronounced to understand the tongue positions for <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, and <span class="pho">ts</span> (note that the initial <span class="pho">st</span> is pronounced like <span class="pho">sd</span>).
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ts</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **ts**
|
||||
* clients <span class="pho alt">ˈklaɪ.ənts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/clients-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/clients-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* students <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* treats <span class="pho alt">triːts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/treats-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">dz</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **ds**
|
||||
* deeds <span class="pho alt">diːdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/deeds-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/deeds-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* records <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/records-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/records-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* words <span class="pho alt">wɝːdz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/words-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/words-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
57
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ.md
Normal file
57
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-mnŋ.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.13. <span class="pho">m</span>, <span class="pho">n</span>, <span class="pho">ŋ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">m</span> 和 <span class="pho">n</span> 处于音节开头时，没有人会觉得困难。尤其是 <span class="pho">m</span>…… 因为它也许是人类学会说的第一个辅音；于此同时，<span class="pho">ɑ</span> 永远是人类学会的第一个元音，所以大家都用 <span class="pho">mɑ</span> 称呼自己的母亲。
|
||||
|
||||
When <span class="pho">m</span> and <span class="pho">n</span> are at the beginning of a syllable, no one finds it challenging. Especially <span class="pho">m</span>, since it might be the first consonant humans learn to utter. At the same time, <span class="pho">ɑ</span> is always the first vowel humans learn, which is why <span class="pho">mɑ</span> is a universal sound for *mother*.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">ŋ</span> 处于其它元音之后对所有人来说也同样不构成困难，因为英文中最常用的不过是 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 而已……
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, everyone finds it easy to pronounce <span class="pho">ŋ</span> after other vowels. This isn't surprising, given that <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> is the most commonly used sounds in English.
|
||||
|
||||
麻烦在于 <span class="pho">m</span> 处于音节末尾的时候。很多人会不由自主地额外加上一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音，这是一个嘴唇的多余动作产生的结果。比如，把 *room* <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
The tricky part comes when <span class="pho">m</span> is at the end of a syllable. A lot of people have an involuntary habit of adding an extra <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound, which results from an unnecessary lips' movement. For instance, they might pronounce *room* as <span class="pho alt">ruːmʊ</span>, instead of <span class="pho alt">ruːm</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
当 <span class="pho">m/n</span> 处于 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 之前的时候，发音都会发生变化 —— 这是因为 <span class="pho">f/v</span> 的发声动作，需要上牙与下唇接触。
|
||||
|
||||
When <span class="pho">m/n</span> precedes <span class="pho">f/v</span>, their pronunciation changes - this is because the vocalization of <span class="pho">f/v</span> requires the upper teeth to touch the lower lip.
|
||||
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">m + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">n + f/v</span>, *comfort* <span class="pho alt">ˈkəmfərt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈkənfərt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/comfort-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/comfort-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">n + f/v</span> = <span class="pho">ŋ + f/v</span>, *conversation* <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑnvərˈseɪʃən</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑŋvərˈseɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conversation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/conversation-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
另外，当 <span class="pho">æ</span> 在 <span class="pho">m</span> 之前的时候，部分母语使用者会添一个 <span class="pho">ə</span> 进去，比如，Sam <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span>，会被他们读成 <span class="pho alt">sæəm</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, when the vowel sound <span class="pho">æ</span> comes before <span class="pho">m</span>, some native speakers add an extra <span class="pho">ə</span> sound. For example, *Sam* <span class="pho alt">sæm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sam-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sam-us-female.mp3"></span> can sometimes be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">sæəm</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">m</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **m**
|
||||
* army <span class="pho alt">ˈɑːr.mi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/army-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/army-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* mob <span class="pho alt">mɑːb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mob-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mob-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* mom <span class="pho alt">mɑːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mom-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mom-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">n</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **n**
|
||||
* mind <span class="pho alt">maɪnd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mind-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mind-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* night <span class="pho alt">naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/night-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/night-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* nine <span class="pho alt">naɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nine-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **kn**
|
||||
* know <span class="pho alt">noʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/know-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/know-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* knight <span class="pho alt">naɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/knight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/knight-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **gn**
|
||||
* gnaw <span class="pho alt">nɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gnaw-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gnaw-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* gnome <span class="pho alt">noʊm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gnome-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gnome-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ŋ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **n** (before <span class=**pho**>k</span>)
|
||||
* anchor <span class="pho alt">ˈæŋ.kɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/anchor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/anchor-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* bank <span class="pho alt">bæŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bank-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bank-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* thank <span class="pho alt">θæŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thank-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thank-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ng**
|
||||
* bang <span class="pho alt">bæŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bang-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bang-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* long <span class="pho alt">lɑːŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/long-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/long-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sing <span class="pho alt">sɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sing-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
80
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md
Normal file
80
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-lr.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.14. <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">r</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 相同 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d', i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">r</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后 —— 即，位置 ④（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
|
||||
For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back, i.e. position ④ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 和 <span class="pho">r</span> 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 *lot* <span class="pho alt">lɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *rot* <span class="pho alt">rɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Pronouncing <span class="pho">l</span> and <span class="pho">r</span> at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like *lot*' <span class="pho alt">lɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lot-us-female.mp3"></span> or *rot* <span class="pho alt">rɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rot-us-female.mp3"></span>…
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
The difficulty with <span class="pho">l</span> often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
|
||||
|
||||
不妨尝试着先读一下 *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/milk-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 <span class="pho alt">mjʊk</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to give the word *milk* <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/milk-us-female.mp3"></span> a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like <span class="pho alt">mjʊk</span>...
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 会掺杂着一个轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的元音音色。
|
||||
|
||||
There's a hidden motion when the <span class="pho">l</span> is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the *alveolar ridge*. Therefore, the <span class="pho">l</span> at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound <span class="pho">ə</span> mixed in.
|
||||
|
||||
说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
|
||||
|
||||
> * 先反复说 <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**；从 <span class="pho">ə</span> 到 <span class="pho">l</span> 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
|
||||
> * Start by repeating <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make *no* other movements. Avoid adding the sound of <span class="pho">ʊ</span> caused by lip changes. During the transition from <span class="pho">ə</span> to <span class="pho">əl</span>, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...
|
||||
> * 接着直接反复说 <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
|
||||
> * Next, repeating <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
|
||||
> * 再反复说 <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
|
||||
> * Follow with repeating <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
|
||||
> * 现在反复说 <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span> 现在需要格外注意：为了 <span class="pho">m</span> 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**……
|
||||
> * Now, keep saying <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span>. Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make the <span class="pho">m</span> sound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessary <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound.
|
||||
|
||||
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/girl-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">gəʊ</span>）, *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>）。
|
||||
|
||||
Practice pronouncing *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/girl-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as <span class="pho alt">gəʊl</span>) and *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span> (often mispronounced as <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>) the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
以 <span class="pho">l</span> 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如：
|
||||
|
||||
There are many common words where <span class="pho">l</span> ends the syllable. Be sure to include the <span class="pho">ə</span> sound when pronouncing them. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
> *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/file-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>, *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>, *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>, *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
注意，<span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> 没有 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的加音，因为 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 和 <span class="pho">ə</span> 原本就非常相近。比如，*ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌltɪmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>，或者 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/result-us-female.mp3"></span>。另外，在自然语音中，<span class="pho alt">iːl</span> 要注意。比如， *reveal*，词典里的音标是 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span>， 但它的确读做 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>，有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，但，*revealing*，读作 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>，没有加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，可能是因为 <span class="pho">l</span> 被挪到后面和 <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> 构成了第三个音节 <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Note that <span class="pho alt">ʌl</span> doesn't have <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> sound added, since <span class="pho alt">ʌ</span> and <span class="pho">ə</span> are already very similar. For instance, *ultimate* <span class="pho alt">ˈəltəmət</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ultimate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ultimate-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/result-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/result-us-female.mp3"></span>. Also, pay attention to <span class="pho alt">iːl</span> in natural speech. For example, while *reveal* is noted as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːl</span> in dictionary, and indeed pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/reveal-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/reveal-us-female.mp3"></span>, with <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> sound, *revealing* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">rɪˈviːlɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/revealing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/revealing-us-female.mp3"></span>, without <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>. This change might be due to the fact that the <span class="pho">l</span> sound has been moved to form a third syllable with <span class="pho">ɪŋ</span> as <span class="pho alt">lɪŋ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">l</span> 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> 的音色。比如，*little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span> —— <span class="pho">l</span> 下面多出的那一个点 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 的意思是说，这里的 <span class="pho">l̩</span> 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtᵊl</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>。CEPD 里标注的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>，因为 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间，变成了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In linguistics, the letter <span class="pho">l</span> has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound <span class="pho">ᵊ</span> naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtl̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span>, the dot under the <span class="pho">l</span> (<span class="pho">l̩</span>) indicates that this <span class="pho">l</span> is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ᵊl</span>. And many dictionaries simply denote it as <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪtəl</span>. The pronunciation indicated in the CEPD is <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬əl</span>, for the <span class="pho">t</span> is sandwiched between two vowels, which in this case becomes a flapped <span class="pho">t̬</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
英文中另外一个**音节辅音**是 <span class="pho">m</span>。例如，*chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，相当于 <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Another *syllabic consonant* in English is <span class="pho">m</span>. For example, *chasm* <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chasm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chasm-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈkæzᵊm</span>, and *prism* <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzm̩</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/prism-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/prism-us-female.mp3"></span>，equivalent to <span class="pho alt">ˈprɪzᵊm</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">l</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **l**
|
||||
* feel <span class="pho alt">fiːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/feel-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/feel-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* like <span class="pho alt">laɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/like-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/like-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* mill <span class="pho alt">mɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mill-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">r</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **r**
|
||||
* read <span class="pho alt">riːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/read-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/read-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* road <span class="pho alt">roʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/road-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/road-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ring <span class="pho alt">rɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ring-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ring-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
43
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj.md
Normal file
43
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-wj.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.15. <span class="pho">j</span>, <span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 和 <span class="pho">w</span> 是半元音。
|
||||
|
||||
The sounds represented by <span class="pho">j</span> and <span class="pho">w</span> are semivowels in English.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
When <span class="pho">j</span> is connected to the following vowel, it is as if an <span class="pho">ɪ</span> sound is added in front of that vowel. For instance, the word *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ɪuː</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，比如 *way* <span class="pho">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho">ʊeɪ</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, when <span class="pho">w</span> is paired with a vowel, it's as if a <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound precedes that vowel. Take the word *way* <span class="pho alt">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>, pronounced the same as <span class="pho alt">ʊeɪ</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">w</span> 可以和另外的辅音结合作为音节开头：<span class="pho">sw</span>、<span class="pho">tw</span>、<span class="pho">dw</span>、<span class="pho">kw</span>、<span class="pho">skw</span>、<span class="pho">gw</span>…… 这其中最容易出错也最常的是 <span class="pho">kw</span>，尤其是 <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>，比如，*quart* <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>，常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>（听起来和 *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span> 同音）；再比如，*quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> 常常会被误读为 <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span> —— 关键在于，<span class="pho">k</span> 的音之后有一个发出 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的嘴唇动作，否则 <span class="pho">kw</span> 就变成了 <span class="pho">k</span> —— 这个差异在母语使用者听起来异常地明显。
|
||||
|
||||
The letter <span class="pho">w</span> can combine with other consonants to form the beginning of a syllable, such as <span class="pho">sw</span>, <span class="pho">tw</span>, <span class="pho">dw</span>, <span class="pho">kw</span>, <span class="pho">skw</span>, <span class="pho">gw</span>… The most common and often mispronounced combination is <span class="pho">kw</span>, specifically <span class="pho">kwɒ</span> and <span class="pho">kwɔː</span>. For example, the word *quart* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">kwɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quart-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quart-us-female.mp3"></span>, but it is often misconstrued as <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span>, which sounds like *court* <span class="pho alt">kɔːrt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/court-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/court-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *quality* <span class="pho alt">ˈkwɔːlɪti</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/quality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/quality-us-female.mp3"></span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈkɔːlɪti</span>. The key to getting this right is to make a lip movement for the <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound after the <span class="pho">k</span> sound; otherwise, <span class="pho">kw</span> just becomes <span class="pho">k</span>. This distinction is incredibly noticeable to native speakers.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">w</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **w**
|
||||
* week <span class="pho alt">wiːk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/week-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/week-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* weird <span class="pho alt">wɪrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/weird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/weird-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* wife <span class="pho alt">waɪf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wife-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wife-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **wh**
|
||||
* white <span class="pho alt">waɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/white-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/white-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* what <span class="pho alt">wɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/what-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/what-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* why <span class="pho alt">waɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/why-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/why-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">j</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **y**
|
||||
* yes <span class="pho alt">jes</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/yes-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* yet <span class="pho alt">jet</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/yet-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/yet-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* yoke <span class="pho alt">joʊk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/yoke-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/yoke-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **i**
|
||||
* onion <span class="pho alt">ˈʌn.jən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/onion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/onion-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* million <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪl.jən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/million-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/million-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **j**
|
||||
* jager <span class="pho alt">ˈjeɪ.ɡɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jager-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jager-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* hallelujah <span class="pho alt">ˌhæl.ɪˈluː.jə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hallelujah-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hallelujah-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
83
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md
Normal file
83
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.2-td.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
# 3.2.2. <span class="pho">t/d</span>
|
||||
|
||||
虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的发声关键在于起始的舌尖位置 —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，而不是贴在牙齿上 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
While every language has the consonants <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span>, the key to pronouncing them in English lies in the starting position of the tip of the tongue - it should touch the *alveolar ridge*, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)), not the *teeth*.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 这两个声母发声时起始的舌尖位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
In Mandarin Chinese, the starting position of the tongue tip for the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sounds rests on the teeth. You can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.
|
||||
|
||||
对中国人来说，起初的时候这是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地贴到牙齿上而不是龈脊上 —— 只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
For Chinese speakers, it's a pretty tough to correct at first because the tongue tip instinctively goes to the teeth, not the *alveolar ridge*. It can only be corrected through intense and frequent practice to build a new habit.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 在发音的时候会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，不过，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> —— 之前提到过，相当于中文里 “思念” 的 “思”（<span class="pho">sī</span>）的韵母（[2.1.10](2.1.10-ɤ)）。
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, just as the <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">b</span> sound naturally carries a slight <span class="pho">ʊ</span> sound in its pronunciation, the <span class="pho">t</span> and <span class="pho">d</span> sound also carries a light vowel sound. But instead of 'ə', it's <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> - as previously mentioned, this is equivalent to the vowel in the Chinese word for 思, which is <span class="pho">sī.</span>
|
||||
|
||||
在中文拼音里，<span class="pho">i</span> 在 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 之后相当于英文音标中的 <span class="pho">i</span>；在 <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">i</span> 才会读成 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>…… 所以，依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
In the Chinese phonetic system, <span class="pho">i</span> following <span class="pho">t/d</span> is similar to <span class="pho">i</span> in English phonetic notation. Meanwhile, <span class="pho">i</span> after <span class="pho">z/c/s</span> is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɤ</span>. So, according to the habits of their native language, Chinese speakers tend to pronounce <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">tə</span>, and <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> as <span class="pho">də</span>. This calls for establishing a new habit.
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">t</span> 这个音素，也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个 —— 当然也是最常用的一个。美式英语中，<span class="pho">t</span> 的变体（allophone）至少有以下几种：
|
||||
|
||||
The <span class="pho">t</span> sound may be the most complex in American English consonant pronunciations — and certainly one of the most frequently used. In American English, several variations, or *allophones*, of <span class="pho">t</span> exist:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 正常音 <span class="pho">t</span> - 通常是 <span class="pho">t</span> 处于重音音节开头的时候才会被正常读出，比如，*take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/take-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
> * Standard <span class="pho">t</span> - This is the typical pronunciation, when <span class="pho">t</span> begins a stressed syllable, as in *take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/take-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 阻塞音 <span class="pho">t</span> - 处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">t</span>，有时只是舌尖动作完整，却没有发出声音。即，舌尖顶到龈脊之后并没有送出气流。比如，*cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>。IPA 里有一个专门的标记符号（<span class="pho">◌̚</span>）用来标注发声器官动作完整却没有发声因而产生停顿（*stop*）的辅音（包括 <span class="pho">t/d/p/b/k/g</span>）。比如，*cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span> 会被标注成 <span class="pho alt">kæt̚</span>。
|
||||
> * Stop <span class="pho">t</span> - This refers to when the <span class="pho">t</span> is at the end of a syllable, often the tongue completes the movement but no sound is actually made. In other words, the tongue touches the ridge of the alveolar ridge but doesn't release a flow of air. An example of this can be found in the word *cat* <span class="pho alt">kæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cat-us-female.mp3"></span>. And in IPA, there's a specific notation symbol, represented as <span class="pho">◌̚</span>, used to mark consonants like <span class="pho">t/d/p/b/k/g</span> that are fully articulated but not voiced, resulting in a *stop*. For instance, the word *cat*, pronounced as <span class="pho alt">kæt</span>, would be notated as <span class="pho alt">kæt̚</span>.
|
||||
> * 弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> - 夹在两个元音中间的 <span class="pho">t</span> 会变成接近 <span class="pho">d</span> 的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，比如，*water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/water-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
> * Flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>: When <span class="pho">t</span> is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>, sounding like <span class="pho">d</span>, as in water <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
> * 喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能变成喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>……
|
||||
> * Glottal Stop <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> before <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>...
|
||||
> * 省略音/可选音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - 非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……[^1] 。
|
||||
> * Optional <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> following <span class="pho">n</span> at the end of an unstressed syllable might be omitted, as in *winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.[^2]
|
||||
|
||||
美式发音中，相对最特殊也需要最多注意和练习的辅音是 <span class="pho">t</span>，元音是 <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span>（[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)）。
|
||||
|
||||
In American English pronunciation, the consonant <span class="pho">t</span> and the vowel sound <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span> ([2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)) deserve special attention and practice due to their unique characteristics.
|
||||
|
||||
[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 <span class="pho">d</span> 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ən</span>，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>。甚至，<span class="pho">ntʃ</span> 也常常被读成 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>，比如，*adventure* <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span>, 或者 *French* <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span> —— 在 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span> 这一点上，美式英语和英式英语都一样。
|
||||
|
||||
[^2]: In American English, the <span class="pho">d</span> in "*nd*" at the end of an unstressed syllable also often goes silent. For example, "*and*" is usually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ən</span>. Another instance is "*a second offer*," which sounds like <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>. Even <span class="pho">ntʃ</span> is often pronounced as <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>. For example, adventure <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span> or French <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span>. In this respect, <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>, American English and British English are the same.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">t</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **t**
|
||||
* take <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/take-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* top <span class="pho alt">tɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/top-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/top-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* tilt <span class="pho alt">tɪlt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tilt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tilt-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **th**
|
||||
* Thomas <span class="pho alt">ˈtoʊm.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thomas-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thomas-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* Thames <span class="pho alt">temz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thames-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thames-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* thyme <span class="pho alt">taɪm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thyme-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thyme-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **tt**
|
||||
* butter <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/butter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/butter-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* little <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* matter <span class="pho alt">ˈmæt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/matter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/matter-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ght**
|
||||
* caught <span class="pho alt">kɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/caught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/caught-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* taught <span class="pho alt">tɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/taught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/taught-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ed** (after a voiceless consonant <span class="pho">p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th</span>)
|
||||
* hoped <span class="pho alt">hoʊpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* laughed <span class="pho alt">læft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* liked <span class="pho alt">laɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/liked-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/liked-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* watched <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watched-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watched-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">d</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **d**
|
||||
* dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* deed <span class="pho alt">diːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/deed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/deed-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* need <span class="pho alt">niːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/need-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/need-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **dd**
|
||||
* add <span class="pho alt">æd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* riddle <span class="pho alt">ˈrɪd.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/riddle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/riddle-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sudden <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌd.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sudden-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sudden-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
58
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg.md
Normal file
58
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.4 <span class="pho">k/g</span>
|
||||
|
||||
幸亏各种语言里都有这两个音，否则的话，它们学起来原本可能挺困难……
|
||||
|
||||
Thankfully, these two sounds exist in almost every language. Otherwise, learning them could prove quite challenging.
|
||||
|
||||
首先，这两个音需要舌背后部抬起来顶住软腭而后开始发音。这个动作在口腔深处，所以无法直接看到。绝大多数人其实并不知道自己具体是怎么发出这两个声音的，也没有人能想起来自己小时候是如何学会的。
|
||||
|
||||
Firstly, to pronounce these two sounds, the back part of the tongue must be raised and pressed against the *soft palate*. This action takes place deep in the mouth, so it's not something we can see directly. In fact, most people don't even know exactly how they produce these sounds, nor can anyone recall how they learned to make them as children.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就好像 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 在发音的时候一样，<span class="pho">k/g</span> 也会自然带着一个很轻的元音，再一次，不是 <span class="pho">ə</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>，但只有气流通过，没有声带振动。请仔细体会一下 *class* 的发音：<span class="pho alt">klæs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/class-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 其中 <span class="pho">ɤ</span> 的音色，虽然轻微但也明显。
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, much like the <span class="pho">t/d</span> sounds, <span class="pho">k/g</span> also naturally carries a slight vowel sound. Once again, it's not <span class="pho">ə</span> but <span class="pho">ɤ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>, where the air is flowing through without any vocal cord vibration. Pay close attention to the pronunciation of class: <span class="pho alt">klæs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/class-us-female.mp3"></span>. The sound ɤ is subtle yet noticeable.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，夹在两个元音之间的 <span class="pho">k</span> 也会出现像 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间时那样的浊化现象，听起来更接近 <span class="pho">g</span>。比如，*look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lookout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lookout-us-female.mp3"></span>，*seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seekout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seekout-us-female.mp3"></span>，*woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wokeup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wokeup-us-female.mp3"></span>。
|
||||
|
||||
Also, when a <span class="pho">k</span> comes between two vowels, it can undergo a similar voicing change as a <span class="pho">t</span> between two vowels, making it sound closer to a <span class="pho">g</span>. For example, in *look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/lookout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/lookout-us-female.mp3"></span> and *seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seekout-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seekout-us-female.mp3"></span>, *woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wokeup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wokeup-us-female.mp3"></span>.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">k</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **k**
|
||||
* kid <span class="pho alt">kɪd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kid-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kid-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* like <span class="pho alt">laɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/like-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/like-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* skin <span class="pho alt">skɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/skin-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/skin-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **c**
|
||||
* climb <span class="pho alt">klaɪm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/climb-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/climb-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cream <span class="pho alt">kriːm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cream-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cream-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cry <span class="pho alt">kraɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cry-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ch**
|
||||
* ache <span class="pho alt">eɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ache-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ache-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* chemistry <span class="pho alt">ˈkem.ə.stri</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chemistry-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chemistry-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* school <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ck**
|
||||
* brick <span class="pho alt">brɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brick-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* click <span class="pho alt">klɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/click-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/click-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* kick <span class="pho alt">kɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/kick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/kick-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">g</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **g**
|
||||
* get <span class="pho alt">ɡet</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/get-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/get-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* go <span class="pho alt">ɡoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/go-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/go-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* logo <span class="pho alt">ˈloʊɡoʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/logo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/logo-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **gg**
|
||||
* beggar<span class="pho alt">ˈbeɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beggar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/egg-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* egg <span class="pho alt">eɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/egg-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/egg-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* waggle <span class="pho alt">ˈwæɡ.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/waggle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/waggle-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **gh**
|
||||
* ghost <span class="pho alt">ɡoʊst</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ghost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ghost-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* ghetto <span class="pho alt">ˈɡet̬.oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ghetto-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ghetto-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **gu**
|
||||
* guard <span class="pho alt">ɡɑːrd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guard-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guard-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* guide <span class="pho alt">ɡaɪd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guide-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guide-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* guitar <span class="pho alt">ɡɪˈtɑːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/guitar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/guitar-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
42
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-fv.md
Normal file
42
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.4-fv.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.5 <span class="pho">f/v</span>
|
||||
|
||||
与 <span class="pho">k/g</span> 不一样，<span class="pho">f/v</span> 的发声重点是可以看到的：下嘴唇略微收回，上牙贴在下嘴唇上，而后开始发音。
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike <span class="pho">k/g</span>, the articulation of <span class="pho">f/v</span> is actually visible: the *lower lip* retracts slightly, and the *upper teeth* rest on the lower lip before beginning to sound.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
韩语中没有这两个音，所以，他们会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">p</span> 替代 <span class="pho">f</span>，用 <span class="pho">b</span> 替代 <span class="pho">v</span>；所以，我们经常会听到韩国人把 *photo* 说成 <span class="pho alt">ˈpoʊˌtoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span>，把 *video* 说成 <span class="pho alt">ˈbɪdioʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
The Korean language lacks these two sounds, so Koreans will instinctively replace <span class="pho">f</span> with <span class="pho">p</span> and <span class="pho">v</span> with <span class="pho">b</span>. As a result, you often hear Koreans pronouncing *video* as <span class="pho alt">ˈpoʊˌtoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/photo-ko-kr.mp3"></span> and *video* as <span class="pho alt">ˈbɪdioʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/video-ko-kr.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
中国南方有些方言里也没有 <span class="pho">f</span>，所以，他们可能会用 <span class="pho">hw</span> 替代 <span class="pho">f</span>，比如，把 *fight* 读成 <span class="pho alt">hwaɪt</span>；中文的普通话里没有 <span class="pho">v</span>，所以，中国人经常把用 <span class="pho">w</span> 替换 <span class="pho">v</span>，比如，把 *very* 读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɛri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/very-cn-zh.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
Some dialects in southern China also lack the <span class="pho">f</span> sound, so speakers might substitute <span class="pho">f</span> with <span class="pho">hw</span>. For instance, they might pronounce <span class="pho">fight</span> as <span class="pho alt">hwaɪt</span>. Mandarin Chinese doesn't have a <span class="pho">v</span> sound, so Chinese speakers often replace <span class="pho">v</span> with <span class="pho">w</span>, like pronouncing <span class="pho">very</span> as <span class="pho alt">ˈwɛri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/very-cn-zh.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
另外需要注意的是，与 <span class="pho">p/b</span>、<span class="pho">t/d</span>、<span class="pho">k/g</span> 不一样，<span class="pho">f/v</span> 在发声的时候**不带**任何轻微的元音音色。
|
||||
|
||||
Another thing to note is that, unlike <span class="pho">p/b</span>, <span class="pho">t/d</span>, and <span class="pho">k/g</span>, <span class="pho">f/v</span> are pronounced *without* any slight vowel qualities.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">f</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **f**
|
||||
* fight <span class="pho alt">faɪt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fight-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fight-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* life <span class="pho alt">laɪf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/life-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/life-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* wife <span class="pho alt">waɪf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wife-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wife-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ph**
|
||||
* photo <span class="pho alt">ˈfoʊ.t̬oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/photo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/photo-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* coffee <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑː.fi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/coffee-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/coffee-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* elephant <span class="pho alt">ˈel.ə.fənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/elephant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/elephant-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">v</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **v**
|
||||
* live <span class="pho alt">lɪv</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/live-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/live-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* vector <span class="pho alt">ˈvek.tɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vector-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vector-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* vine <span class="pho alt">vaɪn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vine-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **vv**
|
||||
* chivvy <span class="pho alt">ˈtʃɪv.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chivvy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chivvy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* divvy <span class="pho alt">ˈdɪv.i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/divvy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/divvy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
63
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md
Normal file
63
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.5-sz.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.6. <span class="pho">s/z</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">s/z</span> 对所有人来说都没有什么具体的难度。<span class="pho">s/z</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。
|
||||
|
||||
The <span class="pho">s/z</span> sounds don't really pose a challenge for most people. When producing these sounds, the tip of the tongue is close to, but not touching, the *seam* between teeth and gums, i.e. position ② (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
中文里当然也有 <span class="pho">s</span> 这个音，但，中文里的 <span class="pho">s</span> 在发音时舌尖起始位置更接近下排牙齿，即，比位置 ② 更低一些 —— 虽然听不出什么区别。你可以再试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>…… 不过，作为中国人你需要新练一个 <span class="pho">s</span>，否则，说英文时经常遇到更费力的情况，比如，在说 <span class="pho">st</span> 这个组合的时候 —— 这恰好也是英文中使用频率相当高的一个组合。
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, the sound <span class="pho">s</span> exists in Chinese as well, but when you pronounce it, the tip of your tongue starts closer to the lower teeth—slightly lower than position ②, even though you can't really hear the difference. Again, you can try this out by saying "wǒ tī sǐ nǐ" (我踢死你！)<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span> in Mandarin.However, for Chinese speakers, it's necessary to practice a new <span class="pho">s</span> sound to make speaking English less strenuous, especially when saying combinations like <span class="pho">st</span> — which happens to be a very common combination in English.
|
||||
|
||||
另外，需要注意的是，<span class="pho">s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> 作为音节开头时会被浊化（比如，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">st</span> 中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 不会被浊化），相应读成 <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span>（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
|
||||
|
||||
Also, it's important to note that, following an <span class="pho">s</span> that starts a syllable, <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> are voiced, meaning they are pronounced like <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span> respectively, while the phonetic annotations remain unchanged. However, this rule doesn't apply when these consonants are at the end of a syllable, like the <span class="pho">t</span> in <span class="pho">st</span>:
|
||||
|
||||
> * *speak* <span class="pho alt">spiːk</span> → <span class="pho alt">sbiːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/speak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/speak-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *student* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈsdudənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/student-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *school* <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> → <span class="pho alt">sguːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
> * *frustrate* <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌstreɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/frustrate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/frustrate-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
另外，英文的辅音并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的，虽然亚洲语言基本都没有这种差别。然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ts</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">ts</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, in English, there's no differentiation between long and short consonant sounds. This is a feature found in some languages but is generally not present in Asian languages. However, in English, the sounds of <span class="pho">f/v</span>, <span class="pho">s/z</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, and <span class="pho">ts</span> can be lengthened, especially <span class="pho">s</span> and <span class="pho">ts</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">s</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **c**
|
||||
* ceiling <span class="pho alt">ˈsiː.lɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ceiling-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ceiling-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* cedar <span class="pho alt">ˈsiː.dɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cedar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cedar-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* concede <span class="pho alt">kənˈsiːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/concede-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/concede-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **s**
|
||||
* see <span class="pho alt">siː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/see-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/see-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sea <span class="pho alt">siː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sea-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sick <span class="pho alt">sɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sick-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ss**
|
||||
* boss <span class="pho alt">bɑːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boss-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boss-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* class <span class="pho alt">klæs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/class-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* stress <span class="pho alt">stres</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stress-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stress-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **sc**
|
||||
* scene <span class="pho alt">siːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/scene-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/scene-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* science <span class="pho alt">ˈsaɪ.əns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/science-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/science-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sceptic <span class="pho alt">ˈskep.tɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sceptic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sceptic-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">z</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **z**
|
||||
* zone <span class="pho alt">zoʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zone-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zone-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* zebra <span class="pho alt">ˈziː.brə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zebra-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zebra-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **zz**
|
||||
* buzz <span class="pho alt">bʌz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/buzz-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/buzz-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* jazz <span class="pho alt">dʒæz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jazz-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jazz-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* puzzle <span class="pho alt">ˈpʌz.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/puzzle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/puzzle-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **s**
|
||||
* present <span class="pho alt">ˈprez.ənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/present-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/present-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* raise <span class="pho alt">reɪz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/raise-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/raise-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* rose <span class="pho alt">roʊz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rose-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **s** (forming plurals after vowels or voiced consonants)
|
||||
* cars <span class="pho alt">kɑːrz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cars-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cars-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* trees <span class="pho alt">ˈtriːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trees-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trees-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* brains <span class="pho alt">breɪnz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brains-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brains-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
41
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md
Normal file
41
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.6-θð.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.7 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>
|
||||
|
||||
对很多人来说，<span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 相对较难 —— 主要是因为很多语言中没有这两个音，比如，中日韩都一样，都没有这两个音。
|
||||
|
||||
For many people, producing the sounds <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> can be a challenge. This is primarily because these sounds aren't present in many languages. For instance, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are all languages that don't have these sounds.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
虽然，英语老师们都强调说，发这两个音的时候要用牙齿咬住一点点舌尖再发声，也就是说，舌尖要伸出牙齿一点点 —— 这么做当然发声更为清楚，在读单个音节或词汇的时候尤为明显……
|
||||
|
||||
English teachers often emphasize that to produce these sounds, you should lightly bite the tip of your tongue with your teeth before vocalizing it - meaning, the tip of your tongue should slightly stick out past your teeth. Utilizing this technique undoubtedly makes your pronunciation clearer, especially when articulating individual syllables or words.
|
||||
|
||||
但是，在连贯的自然语音之中，会有大量处于**非重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 发声时起始的舌尖位置并没有伸到牙齿之外，只是**贴在牙齿**上而已 —— 即，位置 ①（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）。反过来，即便是处于**重音**位置的 <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, 也一样可以把发声动作**简化**一下，只要舌尖贴到牙齿上，而后开始发音即可。
|
||||
|
||||
However, within the flow of natural speech, many instances of the <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> that are in non-stressed positions start with the tongue tip not extending beyond the teeth, but only resting against them— that is, position ① (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)). Even when <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> phonemes are in stressed positions, the articulation can be simplified. All you need to do is place the tip of the tongue against the teeth, and then begin to vocalize.
|
||||
|
||||
最初练习的时候，可以借助 <span class="pho">s/z</span> 作为辅助:
|
||||
|
||||
> * 先发 <span class="pho">s</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">s</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">θ</span>；然后分别说两个词 *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/think-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
> * 先发 <span class="pho">z</span> 的音，而后，把舌尖往前推一点点就接触到了牙齿，然后以与 <span class="pho">z</span> 同样的方式发音，就能听到 <span class="pho">ð</span>；然后分别说两个词 *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> 和 *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/that-us-female.mp3"></span>……
|
||||
|
||||
When you first start practicing, you can use the sounds of <span class="pho">s/z</span> as guides to help:
|
||||
|
||||
>* Begin by making the <span class="pho">s</span> sound. Then, gently push the tip of your tongue forward until it touches your teeth. After this, produce the sound in the same way as <span class="pho">s</span>, and you should hear the <span class="pho">θ</span>. Practice this with words like *sink* <span class="pho alt">sɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sink-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sink-us-female.mp3"></span> and *think* <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/think-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
>* Start with the <span class="pho">z</span> sound. Again, push the tip of your tongue forward until it contacts your teeth. Create the sound as you would with <span class="pho">z</span>, and you should notice the <span class="pho">ð</span>. Try this with words such as *zed* <span class="pho alt">zed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zed-us-female.mp3"></span> and *that* <span class="pho alt">ðæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/that-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/that-us-female.mp3"></span>...
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">θ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **th**
|
||||
* think <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/think-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* bath <span class="pho alt">bæθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bath-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bath-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* wealth <span class="pho alt">welθ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wealth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wealth-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ð</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **th**
|
||||
* this <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/this-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* then <span class="pho alt">ðen</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/then-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/then-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* with <span class="pho alt">wɪð</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/with-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/with-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
67
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md
Normal file
67
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.7-ʃʒ.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.8. <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 对很多人来说也许难度并不大，然而，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 却可能非常难。再一次，关键在于发声时舌尖的起始位置 —— 即，位置 ③（参见 [1.4](1.4-articulators)）
|
||||
|
||||
The pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʃ</span> may not pose much of a challenge for many people, yet <span class="pho">ʒ</span> can be extremely tough. Once again, the key lies in the initial position of the tongue tip when making the sound, i.e. position ③ (as described in [1.4](1.4-articulators)).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
比较一下以下的辅音：
|
||||
|
||||
Let's compare following consonants:
|
||||
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的舌尖起始位置时贴在龈脊的前部 ③；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">t/d</span>, the tongue tip begins at the front part of *alveolar ridge* ③;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">s/z</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 往前一些，贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 ②；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">s/z</span>, it's closer to the front compared to <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the *seam* between the teeth and gums ②;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">θ/ð</span> 要相对于 <span class="pho">s/z</span>再往前一些，贴在牙齿上，或者伸出牙齿一点点 ①；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">θ/ð</span>, it's even more forward than <span class="pho">s/z</span>, resting on the *teeth*, or protruding a bit ①;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样，贴近但没有接触到龈脊的那个部位 ③；
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, it's almost same as <span class="pho">t/d</span>, near but not touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ③;
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">r</span> 相对于 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还要再往后一点，贴在龈脊的那个部位 ④……
|
||||
> * For <span class="pho">r</span>, it's further back than <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, touching the part of the *alveolar ridge* ④...
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除了英语之外，大多语言里没有 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 这个辅音。即便是在英语里，含有这个辅音的词汇也很少，常见的不过几十个而已。
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from English, most languages do not have the <span class="pho">ʒ</span> consonant. Even in English, there are only a handful of words that contain this sound.
|
||||
|
||||
中国学生会不由自主地用 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> —— 因为 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 是一个他们熟悉的辅音，相当于中文拼音中的 <span class="pho">zh</span>。<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 和 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 的区别在于，<span class="pho">ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊；而 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 发声时起始的舌尖贴在龈脊（与 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 同一个位置 ③）。
|
||||
|
||||
Chinese students tend to instinctively substitute <span class="pho">ʒ</span> with <span class="pho">dʒ</span> - a consonant they're familiar with, equivalent to the <span class="pho">zh</span> in Chinese Pinyin. The difference between <span class="pho">ʒ</span> and <span class="pho">dʒ</span> is that, when pronouncing <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, the tip of the tongue is close to but not touching the the *alveolar ridge* while for <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, the tongue tip starts at the the *alveolar ridge* (same position as <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③).
|
||||
|
||||
少数人知道 <span class="pho">dʒ</span> 替代 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 不是一回事，但，由于舌尖起始位置并不准确，所以他们说出来的 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> 听起来更接近 <span class="pho">r</span> —— 舌尖缩得过头了 —— <span class="pho">r</span> ④ 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对于 <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ 要更靠后一点。
|
||||
|
||||
A few understand that substituting <span class="pho">dʒ</span> for <span class="pho">ʒ</span> isn't accurate. However, because their tongue tip positioning isn't precise, their <span class="pho">ʒ</span> sound often ends up sounding more like <span class="pho">r</span> - they retract their tongue tip too far - <span class="pho">r</span> ④ is pronounced with the tongue tip further back compared to <span class="pho">ʒ</span> ③ .
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʃ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **s**
|
||||
* sugar <span class="pho alt">ˈʃʊɡ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sugar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sugar-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sure <span class="pho alt">ʃʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ch**
|
||||
* chef <span class="pho alt">ʃef</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chef-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chef-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* machine <span class="pho alt">məˈʃiːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/machine-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/machine-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **sh**
|
||||
* finish <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪn.ɪʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/finish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/finish-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* sheep <span class="pho alt">ʃiːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **ss**
|
||||
* discussion <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/discussion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/discussion-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* mission <span class="pho alt">ˈmɪʃ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/mission-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/mission-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pressure <span class="pho alt">ˈpreʃ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pressure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pressure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **g**
|
||||
* genre <span class="pho alt">ˈʒɑːn.rə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/genre-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/genre-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* garage <span class="pho alt">ɡəˈrɑːʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/garage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/garage-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **s**
|
||||
* measure <span class="pho alt">ˈmeʒ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/measure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/measure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* leisure <span class="pho alt">ˈliː.ʒɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/leisure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/leisure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* decision <span class="pho alt">dɪˈsɪʒ.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/decision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/decision-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* fusion <span class="pho alt">ˈfjuː.ʒən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fusion-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fusion-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **z**
|
||||
* azure <span class="pho alt">ˈæʒ.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/azure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/azure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
28
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h.md
Normal file
28
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.8-h.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.9. <span class="pho">h</span>
|
||||
|
||||
不管人们用什么样的语言，笑声总是一致的…… 因为地球人在发笑的时候都使用大致一样的声音，都包含 <span class="pho">h</span> 这个音 —— 于是，没有人会觉得 <span class="pho">h</span> 的发音有什么困难。
|
||||
|
||||
No matter what language people speak, laughter sounds the same... That's because people all over the world use roughly the same sound when they laugh, one that includes the <span class="pho">h</span> sound. As a result, no one finds it difficult to pronounce <span class="pho">h</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
不过有一个细节需要注意。在日常对话中，不能么正式或者速度较快的时候，<span class="pho">h</span> 会被 “击穿”。比如，*Did he do that?* 这句话，更可能被说成 <span class="pho alt">dɪ diː duː ðæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-do-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-do-nova.mp3"></span>，而不是正式的那样 <span class="pho alt">dɪd hiː duː ðæt</span>。
|
||||
|
||||
However, there's one detail to keep in mind. In everyday conversations, especially when speaking informally or quickly, the <span class="pho">h</span> sound can get "dropped." For example, the sentence *Did he do that?* is more likely to be pronounced as <span class="pho alt">dɪ diː duː ðæt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-do-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-do-nova.mp3"></span> rather than the formal one as <span class="pho alt">dɪd hiː duː ðæt</span>.
|
||||
|
||||
更多的例子比如：
|
||||
|
||||
For more examples:
|
||||
|
||||
* I heard him singing. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-heard-him-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-heard-him-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* Has he arrived yet? <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-he-arrived-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-he-arrived-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* He helped her with the project. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-helped-her-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-helped-her-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* His house is over there. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-house-is-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-house-is-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* He's holding the door. <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sentence-holding-the-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sentence-holding-the-nova.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">h</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **h**
|
||||
* hello <span class="pho alt">heˈloʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hello-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hello-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* heat <span class="pho alt">hiːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/heat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/heat-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* high <span class="pho alt">haɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/high-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/high-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
51
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ.md
Normal file
51
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.9-tʃdʒ.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
# 2.2.10. <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
<span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 发声时舌尖贴近但没有接触到龈脊，<span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 则需要舌尖贴到龈脊，和 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 一样；但，无论是 <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> 还是 <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span> 发声时舌背都抬得较高，舌尾抵到后牙。
|
||||
|
||||
When pronouncing <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span>, the tip of your tongue should be close to, but not touching, the alveolar ridge. For <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>, however, you need to touch the alveolar ridge with your tongue tip, same as when pronouncing <span class="pho">t/d</span>. However, when pronouncing either the sounds <span class="pho">ʃ/ʒ</span> or <span class="pho">tʃ/dʒ</span>, the tongue roof should arch higher in the mouth, with the back of it touching back teeth.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了让舌尖适应那个部位，不妨反复练习：
|
||||
|
||||
To get your tongue used to this position, it's a good idea to practice repeatedly:
|
||||
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ... ʃ... tʃ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ... ʒ... dʒ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ... ʃ... ʒ...</span>
|
||||
> * <span class="pho">tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ... tʃ... dʒ...</span>
|
||||
|
||||
## 拼写（Spellings）
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">ʧ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **ch**
|
||||
* charm <span class="pho alt">tʃɑːrm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/charm-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/charm-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* church <span class="pho alt">tʃɝːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/church-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/church-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* teach <span class="pho alt">tiːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/teach-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/teach-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **tch**
|
||||
* match <span class="pho alt">mætʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/match-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/match-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* pitch <span class="pho alt">pɪtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pitch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pitch-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* watch <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watch-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watch-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **t** (+ure)
|
||||
* creature <span class="pho alt">ˈkriː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/creature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/creature-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* future <span class="pho alt">ˈfjuː.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/future-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/future-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* nature <span class="pho alt">ˈneɪ.tʃɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/nature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/nature-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
|
||||
### <span class="pho">dʒ</span>
|
||||
|
||||
* **d**
|
||||
* soldier <span class="pho alt">ˈsoʊl.dʒɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/soldier-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/soldier-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* procedure <span class="pho alt">prəˈsiː.dʒɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/procedure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/procedure-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **g**
|
||||
* gentle <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒen.t̬əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/gentle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/gentle-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* giant <span class="pho alt">ˈdʒaɪ.ənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/giant-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/giant-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* rage <span class="pho alt">reɪdʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rage-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **dg**
|
||||
* badge <span class="pho alt">bædʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/badge-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/badge-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* bridge <span class="pho alt">brɪdʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bridge-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bridge-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* judge <span class="pho alt">dʒʌdʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/judge-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/judge-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* **j**
|
||||
* job <span class="pho alt">dʒɑːb</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/job-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/job-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* joy <span class="pho alt">dʒɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/joy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/joy-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
* jump <span class="pho alt">dʒʌmp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jump-us-female.mp3"></span>
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
# 2. 训练方法
|
||||
|
||||
请后续反复认真阅读《[语音塑造](/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics)》中的每一个章节。
|
||||
请后续反复认真阅读《[语音塑造](/sounds-of-american-english/0-intro)》中的每一个章节。
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.1 搞清每个单词的读音
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
## 2.2 放慢播放速度仔细听
|
||||
|
||||
要慢速听**很多遍**。从 2 大层面总计 7 个方面分别去分析，详情参见《[语音塑造](/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics)》：
|
||||
要慢速听**很多遍**。从 2 大层面总计 7 个方面分别去分析，详情参见《[语音塑造](/sounds-of-american-english/0-intro)》：
|
||||
|
||||
> * 韵律节奏
|
||||
> * 停顿（[2.4.1](/sounds-of-american-english/2.4.1-stop)）
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ yarn enjoy:start
|
||||
|
||||
- [简要说明](https://1000h.org/intro.html)
|
||||
- [训练任务](https://1000h.org/training-tasks/kick-off.html)
|
||||
- [语音塑造](https://1000h.org/sounds-of-american-english/1-basics.html)
|
||||
- [语音塑造](https://1000h.org/sounds-of-american-english/0-intro.html)
|
||||
- [大脑内部](https://1000h.org/in-the-brain/01-inifinite.html)
|
||||
- [自我训练](https://1000h.org/self-training/00-intro.html)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user