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2024-07-22 08:06:09 +08:00
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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2.2.3-td.md
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@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@ The <span class="pho">t</span> sound may be the most complex in American English
> * Flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>: When <span class="pho">t</span> is situated between two vowels, it tends to be flaping <span class="pho">t̬</span>, sounding like <span class="pho">d</span>, as in water <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/water-us-female.mp3"></span>.
> * 喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能变成喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>。如果你不知道喉塞音是什么样的，听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>……
> * Glottal Stop <span class="pho">ʔ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> before <span class="pho">m/n/l</span> might transform into a glottal stop, as in *utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, or *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span>. If you don't understand what is a *glottal stop*, listen to the phrase, *Uh-Oh!* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span>—— <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span>...
> * 省略音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - 非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……[^1]
> * 省略音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - 非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……[^1] 。
> * Optional <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> - The <span class="pho">t</span> following <span class="pho">n</span> at the end of an unstressed syllable might be omitted, as in *winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-us-female.mp3"></span> - of course, <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/winter-t-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/winter-t-us-female.mp3"></span>is also correct.[^2]
美式发音中，相对最特殊也需要最多注意和练习的辅音是 <span class="pho">t</span>，元音是 <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span>（[2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)）。
In American English pronunciation, the consonant <span class="pho">t</span> and the vowel sound <span class="pho">ɚ/ɝː</span> ([2.1.5](2.1.5-ə)) deserve special attention and practice due to their unique characteristics.
[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 <span class="pho">d</span> 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ən</span>，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>。
[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 <span class="pho">d</span> 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ən</span>，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>。甚至，<span class="pho">ntʃ</span> 也常常被读成 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>，比如，*adventure* <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span>, 或者 *French* <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span> —— 在 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span> 这一点上，美式英语和英式英语都一样。
[^2]: In American English, the <span class="pho">d</span> in "*nd*" at the end of an unstressed syllable also often goes silent. For example, "*and*" is usually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ən</span>. Another instance is "*a second offer*," which sounds like <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>.
[^2]: In American English, the <span class="pho">d</span> in "*nd*" at the end of an unstressed syllable also often goes silent. For example, "*and*" is usually pronounced as <span class="pho alt">ən</span>. Another instance is "*a second offer*," which sounds like <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>. Even <span class="pho">ntʃ</span> is often pronounced as <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>. For example, adventure <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span> or French <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span>. In this respect, <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>, American English and British English are the same.