sounds of english - 11th rectification.
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@@ -8,14 +8,14 @@
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> 这篇文章里有很多 “不一样” 的观点。大致罗列如下:
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> * 6 个基础元音
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> * æ 其实是长元音
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> * 特定辅音发声时舌尖的起始位置和姿势
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> * 一个定制的 English Phonetic Pangram
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> * 自然语音事实上是以音节为单位
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> * 决定韵律节拍的八个字:高低起伏轻重缓急
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> * 一个长期被忽略的关键:停顿
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> * ……
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> > * 6 个基础元音
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> > * æ 其实是长元音
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> > * 特定辅音发声时舌尖的起始位置和姿势
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> > * 一个定制的 English Phonetic Pangram
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> > * 自然语音事实上是以音节为单位
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> > * 决定韵律节拍的八个字:高低起伏轻重缓急
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> > * 一个长期被忽略的关键:停顿
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> > * ……
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>
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> 虽然这些都很难对其做出什么 “版权声明”,但有必要罗列在这里以防有人洗稿。
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@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@
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英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成,比如英文中出现频率最高的几个词,*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长,由很多很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节,45 个字母构成:
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> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)*
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> ` ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs`
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> <audio controls><source src="audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3">Your browser does not support the audio element.</source></audio>
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@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@
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怎么做呢?仔细听以下 3 个 `ɑ` 音的不同变体,随后多揣摩多尝试(音频来自 [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel))就会了:
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* 气流共鸣位置靠前:
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<audio controls><source src="audios/ɑ-01-PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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<audio controls><source src="audios/ɑ-01-PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg"> Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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* 气流共鸣位置居中:
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<audio controls> <source src="audios/ɑ-02-Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element.</source></audio>
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* 气流共鸣位置靠后:
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@@ -706,7 +707,7 @@ D.J 音标经过多次改版,最终被剑桥接手,并发布了第 15 版
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> *Yet, it is a fact of life that an unlettered peasant is considered ignorant.*
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> <audio controls><source src="audios/yet-it-is-a-fact-of-life.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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> <audio controls><source src="audios/yet-it-is-a-fact-of-life.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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>
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> 以下是这段音频的 *Waveform*(波谱)和 *Pitch Contour*(音高变化):
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@@ -756,11 +757,11 @@ D.J 音标经过多次改版,最终被剑桥接手,并发布了第 15 版
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这句话里,*Yet* 和 *life* 这两个个单音节词汇,*peasant* 的第一个音节,以及 *ignorant* 里的第一个音节 ig,都有明显的音高(*pitch*)拉升。语音分析工具可以帮我们清楚地 “看到”:
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="videos/yet-it-is-a-fact-of-life.mp4" type="video/mp4">Your browser does not support the video tag. </source></video>
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="videos/yet-it-is-a-fact-of-life.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
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如果你可以唱出 $\frac{4}{4}$ `| 3 2 1 - |` —— 当然,这三个音符其实任何人都可以唱出来……
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="videos/321.mp4" type="video/mp4">Your browser does not support the video tag. </source></video>
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<video controls width="720"> <source src="videos/321.mp4" type="video/mp4"></source>Your browser does not support the video tag. </video>
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那你可以把 *fact*, *fact*, *fact*... 用三个不同的音唱出来,`fækt(3) fækt(2) fækt(1-)`,你就能体会到自然语音中的音高变化了。唉…… 不得不叹口气 —— 其实吧,“说话” 真的只不过是 “极其低配版的歌唱”,因为它的曲调(*Melody*)只是在一个特别狭小音高区域(*Pitch region*)里变化。
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@@ -789,13 +790,13 @@ D.J 音标经过多次改版,最终被剑桥接手,并发布了第 15 版
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> *Marianna made the marmalade...*
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> 1. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm1.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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> 1. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm1.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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> 2. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm2.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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> 2. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm2.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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> 3. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm3.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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> 3. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm3.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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> 4. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm4.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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> 4. <audio controls><source src="audios/marm4.wav" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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拿第一个版本为例,请参照以下图示:
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@@ -807,7 +808,7 @@ D.J 音标经过多次改版,最终被剑桥接手,并发布了第 15 版
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> *Community* service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one *community* activity before they graduate.
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<audio controls><source src="audios/toefl-sampe-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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<audio controls><source src="audios/toefl-sampe-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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这段录音中所有被强读的词汇在以下的文本中被加重标记(而没有标记的,就是被弱读的):
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@@ -903,7 +904,7 @@ D.J 音标经过多次改版,最终被剑桥接手,并发布了第 15 版
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> Community service is an important component of education *here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate.
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<audio controls><source src="audios/toefl-sampe-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element</source></audio>
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<audio controls><source src="audios/toefl-sampe-01.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your browser does not support the audio element./source></audio>
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请仔细注意这一串音节:*here at our uni*·**ver**·*sity*... 它们原本应该被读作 `ˈhiə æt ɑʊə ˌjunəˈvərsəti`…… 可你听到的是什么呢?`ˈhiə·(æ)t̬ɑ(ʊə)ˌjunə·ˈvərsəti`(括号里的音素省略到几乎听不清)……
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