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08-20-1635, chapter 4.2

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1-phonemes.md
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>
> 你可能注意到了，同一个基础音素的变体，可能用了不同的写法，比如， <span class="pho">ɑ</span> 这个基础音素，短元音用的是 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>，长元音不是 <span class="pho">ʌː</span> 而是 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>，而后组合成双元音的时候用的是 <span class="pho">a</span> —— <span class="pho">aɪ，aʊ</span> 等等……
>
> 这么做的理由在于，当这些音素连在一起的时候，不会被错误组合，不会产生混淆，确保每个音素都有一个独特对应的符号[^2]。
> 这么做的理由在于，当这些音素连在一起的时候，不可能被错误组合，不会产生混淆，所以要确保每个音素都有一个独特对应的符号[^2]。
以下的罗列部分基于[《剑桥英语发声词典》](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/)的官方音标指南，在此基础上做了一些补充并重新排序[^3]，并刻意减少了例词的数量。

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/2-articulators.md
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比如，你可以试试舌头。练一下就知道了，有意识地控制舌头是相当困难的。虽然我们的舌头事实上很灵活，几乎可以与我们的手相媲美，可问题在于，它处于一个我们用眼睛观察不到的部位 —— 如果没看过 X 光视频或者 3D 展示，我们可能都不知道自己的舌头究竟是怎样的形状 —— 学也好练也罢，相对于手多出了一整个维度的困难。
另外，说辅音的时候，舌尖的起始位置也很重要。同样一个基础音素，在不同的语言里，舌尖的起始位置有细微的差别 —— 量化来看，可能只不过是几毫米的距离差别，但重新定位却相当耗时费力。以下展示的是英文中舌尖最常用的 4 个位置：
不过，需要你现在就牢记的是，说辅音时的 **4 个舌尖起始位置**。同样一个基础音素，在不同的语言里，舌尖起始位置有细微的差别 —— 量化来看，可能只不过是几毫米的距离差别，但重新定位却相当耗时费力。
![articulator-tongue-tip-positions](/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg)

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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3-details.md
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理论上来讲，把每个音素读准本身其实并不难；更何况每种语言都一样，从音素的数量上来看并不是很多，比如英语，总计就那么 50 个左右而已……
> 本教程中罗列基本音标数量为：
> * 英式英语（总计 50 个）
> 本教程中罗列基本音标数量为[^1]：
> * 英式英语（总计 52 个）
> * 元音 24 个
> * 辅音 26 个
> * 美式英语（总计 53 个）
> * 元音 26 个
> * 辅音 27 个
> * 辅音 28 个
> * 美式英语（总计 56 个）
> * 元音 27 个
> * 辅音 29 个
主要的难点来自于两个方面。
首先是在连贯的自然语流中，几乎每个音素都有这样那样的变化。于是，我们只能通过 “**反复**”，反复阅读材料，反复练习，反复自我纠正，并且还要对种种细节谙熟于心，最终能将那些起初看起来极为繁杂的知识点逐一突破而后熟练且连贯地使用。
更大的困难来自于我们的大脑机制。随着年龄的增加，大脑会过滤母语中用不到的声音，以便提高语音识别的效率 —— 也恰恰是这一点造成了绝大多数成年人学外语的最大障碍。有些声音我们听不到、听不清楚，有些声音听到了却无法分辨，有些声音被我们自己在不知不觉中替换成了另外的样子…… 然而，这并不是什么无解的困境，因为我们的大脑 “**可塑性**” 极强 —— 并且还是 “终身可塑性极强”。核心关键在于，练习的时候要做到 “注意力集中”，不仅如此，还要做到 “**长时间注意力集中**”，只有这样才能突破。
[^1]: 我们罗列的音标数量比《剑桥英语发声词典》略多。

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## 3.2.2.3. 并非 <span class="pho">tə/də</span>
另外，就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 在发音的时候也会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，而不是 <span class="pho">ə</span>。若是依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。还是需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
主要额外提醒的是，虽然《剑桥英语发声词典》中，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 的示例都读成了 <span class="pho">tə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span> 和 <span class="pho">də</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span>，但那并不是这两个音素在自然语流中的实际发音。
就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 在实际发音的时候也会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，而不是 <span class="pho">ə</span>。若是依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。还是需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
## 3.2.2.3. <span class="pho">t</span> 的变体

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当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时，其中的某个音节可能带有重音（*stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˈ</span> 作为标记。
**一个多音节词汇中最多只有一个重音音节**，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˌ</span> 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 <span class="pho">oʊ</span>……
**一个多音节词汇中最多只有一个重音音节**，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 <span class="pho">ˌ</span> 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* <span class="pho alt">ˌserənˈdɪpət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/serendipity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/serendipity-us-female.mp3"></span>，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 <span class="pho">oʊ</span>……
另外一个重点在于，英文的音节有**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**的区别，这一点也和亚洲语言明显不同。
@@ -14,85 +14,85 @@
![5-chars](/images/5-chars.svg)
但，由 5 个各自轻重不同的音节构成的英文词汇 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 相应是这样的：
但，由 5 个各自轻重不同的音节构成的英文词汇 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 相应是这样的：
![5-syllables](/images/5-syllables.svg)
**非重音** 音节中，还有**弱音**，即被弱化成 <span class="pho">ə</span> 的央元音（*schwa*）音节。
细细体会 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl</span>…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span>里的元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 被弱化为 <span class="pho">ə</span>；另外，第 4 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> 里的元音 <span class="pho">ju</span> 也被弱化成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，但保留了 <span class="pho">u</span> 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span>，之前自带着轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，于是连成了很轻的 <span class="pho">ʷᵊl</span>……
细细体会 *individual* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒuəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/individual-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/individual-us-female.mp3"></span> 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的强度读出来的话，应该是 <span class="pho alt">ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl</span>…… 这里面，第 2 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dɪ</span>里的元音 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 被弱化为 <span class="pho">ə</span>；另外，第 4 个音节 <span class="pho alt">dʒu</span> 里的元音 <span class="pho">ju</span> 也被弱化成了 <span class="pho">ə</span>，但保留了 <span class="pho">u</span> 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span>，之前自带着轻微的 <span class="pho">ə</span>，于是连成了很轻的 <span class="pho">ʷᵊl</span>……
![5-syllables-individual](/images/5-syllables-individual.svg)
有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, <span class="pho alt">ˈædres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词，“地址”；<span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/record-verb.mp3"></span>，前者是名词，后者是动词。
有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, <span class="pho alt">ˈædres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/address-noun.mp3"></span> 是名词，“地址”；<span class="pho alt">əˈdres</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/address-verb.mp3"></span> 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 <span class="pho alt">ˈrekɚd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/record-noun.mp3"></span> 或 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈkɔːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/record-verb.mp3"></span>，前者是名词，后者是动词。
类似的还有很多，比如以下常见词汇[^1]：
| Noun | Verb |
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| 'conduct <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːndʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'conflict <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict <span class="pho alt">kənˈflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'convert <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert <span class="pho alt">kənˈvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'digest <span class="pho alt">ˈdaɪdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest <span class="pho alt">daɪˈdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'permit <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝːmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit <span class="pho alt">pɚˈmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'rebel <span class="pho alt">ˈrebəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel <span class="pho alt">rɪˈbel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'subject <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject <span class="pho alt">səbˈdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'conduct <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːndʌkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conduct-noun.mp3"></span> | con'duct <span class="pho alt">kənˈdʌkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conduct-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'conflict <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conflict-noun.mp3"></span> | con'flict <span class="pho alt">kənˈflɪkt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/conflict-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'convert <span class="pho alt">ˈkɑːnvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/convert-noun.mp3"></span> | con'vert <span class="pho alt">kənˈvɝːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/convert-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'digest <span class="pho alt">ˈdaɪdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/digest-noun.mp3"></span> | di'gest <span class="pho alt">daɪˈdʒest</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/digest-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'permit <span class="pho alt">ˈpɝːmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/permit-noun.mp3"></span> | per'mit <span class="pho alt">pɚˈmɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/permit-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'rebel <span class="pho alt">ˈrebəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rebel-noun.mp3"></span> | re'bel <span class="pho alt">rɪˈbel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rebel-verb.mp3"></span> |
| 'subject <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌbdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/subject-noun.mp3"></span> | sub'ject <span class="pho alt">səbˈdʒekt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/subject-verb.mp3"></span> |
不妨逐个练习一下以下常用多音节词汇，注意**重音**音节、**次重音**音节，以及**非重音**音节和**弱音**音节。
> [!Note]
> 在练习跟读每个单词的之前，请先数一下该单词到底有多少个音节？然后再揣摩一下整个单词读出来的长度。
> * *accommodate* <span class="pho alt">əˈkɑːmədeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *anniversary* <span class="pho alt">ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *anticipate* <span class="pho alt">ænˈtɪsəpeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *appreciate* <span class="pho alt">əˈpriːʃieɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *beautiful* <span class="pho alt">ˈbjuːt̬əfəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *celebration* <span class="pho alt">ˌseləˈbreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *characteristic* <span class="pho alt">ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *communication* <span class="pho alt">kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *determination* <span class="pho alt">dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *discovery* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌvɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *encouragement* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *entrepreneur* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *environment* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *exaggerate* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *examination* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *explanation* <span class="pho alt">ˌekspləˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *fascinating* <span class="pho alt">ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *government* <span class="pho alt">ˈɡʌvɚnmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *hospitality* <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *imagination* <span class="pho alt">ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *incredible* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkredəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *independent* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈpendənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *information* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *inspiration* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *interesting* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *international* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *knowledgeable* <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *opportunity* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *personality* <span class="pho alt">ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *photography* <span class="pho alt">fəˈtɑːɡrəfi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *professional* <span class="pho alt">prəˈfeʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *recognition* <span class="pho alt">ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *rehabilitation* <span class="pho alt">ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *relationship* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *revolutionary* <span class="pho alt">ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *satisfaction* <span class="pho alt">ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *spectacular* <span class="pho alt">spekˈtækjəlɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *temperature* <span class="pho alt">ˈtempɚətʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *transportation* <span class="pho alt">ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *unbelievable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *understand* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *understanding* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *unforgettable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *university* <span class="pho alt">ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *vegetarian* <span class="pho alt">ˌvedʒəˈteriən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *vocabulary* <span class="pho alt">voʊˈkæbjəleri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *vulnerable* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlnɚəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *wonderfully* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʌndɚfəli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *accommodate* <span class="pho alt">əˈkɑːmədeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/accommodate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/accommodate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *anniversary* <span class="pho alt">ˌænəˈvɝːsɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/anniversary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/anniversary-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *anticipate* <span class="pho alt">ænˈtɪsəpeɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/anticipate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/anticipate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *appreciate* <span class="pho alt">əˈpriːʃieɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/appreciate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/appreciate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *beautiful* <span class="pho alt">ˈbjuːt̬əfəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beautiful-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beautiful-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *celebration* <span class="pho alt">ˌseləˈbreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/celebration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/celebration-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *characteristic* <span class="pho alt">ˌkerəktəˈrɪstɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/characteristic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/characteristic-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *communication* <span class="pho alt">kəˌmjuːnəˈkeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/communication-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/communication-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *determination* <span class="pho alt">dɪˌtɝːmɪˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/determination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/determination-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *discovery* <span class="pho alt">dɪˈskʌvɚi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/discovery-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/discovery-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *encouragement* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːɪdʒmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/encouragement-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/encouragement-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *entrepreneur* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɝː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/entrepreneur-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/entrepreneur-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *environment* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/environment-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/environment-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *exaggerate* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/exaggerate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/exaggerate-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *examination* <span class="pho alt">ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/examination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/examination-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *explanation* <span class="pho alt">ˌekspləˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/explanation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/explanation-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *fascinating* <span class="pho alt">ˈfæsəneɪtɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fascinating-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fascinating-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *government* <span class="pho alt">ˈɡʌvɚnmənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/government-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/government-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *hospitality* <span class="pho alt">ˌhɑːspɪˈtælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hospitality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hospitality-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *imagination* <span class="pho alt">ɪˌmædʒəˈneɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/imagination-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/imagination-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *impossible* <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɑːsəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/impossible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/impossible-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *incredible* <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkredəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/incredible-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/incredible-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *independent* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪndɪˈpendənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/independent-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/independent-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *information* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnfɚˈmeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/information-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/information-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *inspiration* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnspəˈreɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/inspiration-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/inspiration-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *interesting* <span class="pho alt">ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/interesting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/interesting-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *international* <span class="pho alt">ˌɪnt̬ɚˈnæʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/international-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/international-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *knowledgeable* <span class="pho alt">ˈnɑːlɪdʒəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/knowledgeable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/knowledgeable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *opportunity* <span class="pho alt">ˌɑːpɚˈtuːnət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/opportunity-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/opportunity-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *personality* <span class="pho alt">ˌpɝːsənˈælət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/personality-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/personality-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *photography* <span class="pho alt">fəˈtɑːɡrəfi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/photography-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/photography-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *professional* <span class="pho alt">prəˈfeʃənəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/professional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/professional-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *recognition* <span class="pho alt">ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/recognition-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/recognition-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *rehabilitation* <span class="pho alt">ˌriːhəˌbɪləˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rehabilitation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rehabilitation-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *relationship* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈleɪʃənʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/relationship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/relationship-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *responsibility* <span class="pho alt">rɪˌspɑːnsəˈbɪlət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/responsibility-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/responsibility-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *revolutionary* <span class="pho alt">ˌrevəˈluːʃəneri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/revolutionary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/revolutionary-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *satisfaction* <span class="pho alt">ˌsæt̬ɪsˈfækʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/satisfaction-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/satisfaction-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *spectacular* <span class="pho alt">spekˈtækjəlɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spectacular-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spectacular-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *temperature* <span class="pho alt">ˈtempɚətʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/temperature-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *transportation* <span class="pho alt">ˌtrænspɚˈteɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/transportation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/transportation-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *unbelievable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unbelievable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unbelievable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *understand* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/understand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/understand-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *understanding* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌndɚˈstændɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/understanding-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/understanding-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *unforgettable* <span class="pho alt">ˌʌnfɚˈɡet̬əbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/unforgettable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/unforgettable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *university* <span class="pho alt">ˌjuːnəˈvɝːsət̬i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/university-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/university-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *vegetarian* <span class="pho alt">ˌvedʒəˈteriən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vegetarian-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vegetarian-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *vocabulary* <span class="pho alt">voʊˈkæbjəleri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vocabulary-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vocabulary-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *vulnerable* <span class="pho alt">ˈvʌlnɚəbəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/vulnerable-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/vulnerable-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *wonderfully* <span class="pho alt">ˈwʌndɚfəli</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wonderfully-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wonderfully-us-female.mp3"></span>
## 4.2.2. 词典读音
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
首先，人类的自然语音，就是很难使用一个符号系统去完美地标注……
举一个中文的例子。你琢磨一下自己平日里是如何说 “不知道” 这三个字的？当然，我们可以用拼音分别标注这三个字 <span class="pho">[bù zhī dào]</span> —— 可你真的是这样三个字分开一字一顿地说的吗？你说出来的声音，只能用拼音凑合着标注成 <span class="pho">[búr(i)dào]</span> —— “**不**” 你可能读的不是四声，更像是速度很快的二声；“**知**” 你说得像 “日”，但速度很快，乃至于可能感觉只有一个声母 `[r]` 没带着韵母 `[i]`；最后，三个字里，只有 “**到**” `[dào]` 这个字算是字正腔圆地说完了。****
英文的例子一会儿再讲，现在先举一个中文的例子。你琢磨一下自己平日里是如何说 “不知道” 这三个字的？当然，我们可以用拼音分别标注这三个字 <span class="pho">[bù zhī dào]</span> —— 可你真的是这样三个字分开一字一顿地说的吗？你说出来的声音，只能用拼音凑合着标注成 <span class="pho">[búr(i)dào]</span> —— “**不**” 你可能读的不是四声，更像是速度很快的二声；“**知**” 你说得像 “日”，但速度很快，乃至于可能感觉只有一个声母 `[r]` 没带着韵母 `[i]`；最后，三个字里，只有 “**到**” `[dào]` 这个字算是字正腔圆地说完了。****
更何况，音标本身也是个 “**无法完美**” 的符号系统。
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
当然，作为 ESL 练习者，对策也很简单，反正自己选择一种固定下来就是了。比如，我就选择了剑桥英语发声词典的 <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬.ɚ.ᵊl.i</span>，不仅如此，而后还选择了用舍背后缩的方式读 <span class="pho">ɚ</span> 这个音节。
又比如，另外一个相当常用的单词，*temperature* —— 我曾经误以为它读作 <span class="pho alt">ˌtem.pə.ˈreɪ.tʃɚ</span> —— 它实际读音的音标标注是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.pɚ.ə.tʃɚ</span>，结果呢，在日常生活中，你更常听到的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.pə.tʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/temperature-us-male.mp3"></span>，或者是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.pɤtʃɚ</span>，甚至干脆是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.ptʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
又比如，另外一个相当常用的单词，*temperature* —— 我曾经误以为它读作 <span class="pho alt">ˌtem.pə.ˈreɪ.tʃɚ</span> —— 它实际读音的音标标注是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.pɚ.ə.tʃɚ</span>，结果呢，在日常生活中，你更常听到的是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.pə.tʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/temperature-us-male.mp3"></span>，或者是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.pɤtʃɚ</span>，甚至干脆是 <span class="pho alt">ˈtem.ptʃɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/temperature-us-female.mp3"></span>
> [!Note]
> 说实话，这个词真的不太容易读好，Instagram 上就有个人[演示](https://www.instagram.com/reel/C1VmSpuIvTO/?igsh=czY3cDAzcGIxMGN4)过自己 *literally* 这个单词死活读不明白的尴尬<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk="/audios/literally-instagram.mp3"></span>……
@@ -128,9 +128,9 @@
> * 第一个是最普遍的，很多人不分元音长短，所以会说成 <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɔ.tənt</span> 或者 <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɔr.tənt</span>；
> * 第二个细节是，这个词的第一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 经常会被说成喉塞音 `ʔ`，所以，你很多时候听到的其实是 <span class="pho alt">ɪmˈpɔːr.ʔənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/important-us-male.mp3"></span>；
> * 第三个细节是，这个词的最后一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 其实是 “可选 <span class="pho">t</span>”（即，非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span>），所以那个 <span class="pho">t</span> 在自然语流中经常并不存在，比如，当你说 *It's a very important aspect.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/It-s-a-very-important-aspect-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/It-s-a-very-important-aspect-nova.mp3"></span> 的时候，与后面的 <span class="pho">æ</span> 连起来读的（示例里并未连读），更可能是 <span class="pho">n</span> 而不是 <span class="pho">t</span>。
> * 第三个细节是，这个词的最后一个 <span class="pho">t</span> 其实是 “可选 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span>”（即，非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span>），所以那个 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span> 在自然语流中经常并不存在，比如，当你说 *It's a very important aspect.*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/It-s-a-very-important-aspect-alloy.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/It-s-a-very-important-aspect-nova.mp3"></span> 的时候，与后面的 <span class="pho">æ</span> 连起来读的（示例里并未连读），更可能是 <span class="pho">n</span> 而不是 <span class="pho">t</span>。
我们其实已经用了一些词典里的音标中不存在的符号才能把一些细节讲清楚，比如，阻塞音符号 <span class="pho">◌̚</span>，比如，比央元音更弱的一个音， <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，再比如喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>…… 可即便如此，
我们其实已经用了一些英文词典里的音标中并不存在的符号才能把一些细节讲清楚，比如，阻塞音符号 <span class="pho">◌̚</span>，比如，比央元音更弱的一个音， <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，再比如喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>…… 可即便如此，英文有那么多的单词（几十万个），有至少 7,000 个左右构成独特的音节，于是，无论如何都不大可能用一个并不完美的音标系统完美地标注任何自然语音。
[^1]: Sound files in this list come from [CEPD online edition](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).