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1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.14-lr.md

@@ -47,6 +47,6 @@ Practice some other words where `l` is at the end of the syllable, using the sam
 
 > *fail*, *file*, *sell*, *sale*, *tell*, *tale*, *trail*, *drill*...
 
-`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtəl/`
+`l` 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做**音节辅音**，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 `ə` 的音色。比如，*little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/` —— `l` 下面多出的那一个点 `l̩` 的意思是说，这里的 `l̩` 是个**音节辅音**，相当于 `/ᵊl/`…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 `/ˈlɪtəl/`
 
 In linguistics, the letter `l` has a particular name - it's called a *syllabic consonant*. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound `ə` naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word *little* `/ˈlɪtl̩/`, the dot under the `l` (`l̩`) indicates that this `l` is a *syllabic consonant*. It's equivalent to `/ᵊl/`. And many dictionaries simply denote it as `/ˈlɪtəl/`.

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.3-syllables.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# 音节
+
+这是所有语言共同的特性：
+
+Here are some universal features of all languages around the world:
+
+> * 自然语音都以**音节**为最基础单位。
+> * The basic unit of all natural speech is the **syllable**.
+> * 音节以**元音**为核心。
+> * Every syllable is centered around a **vowel**.
+> * 每个音节**有且只有一个**元音。
+> * Each syllable **has and only has one** vowel.
+
+元音之于音节，正如细胞核之于细胞。
+
+A *vowel* is to a syllyble, just as a *nucleus* to a cell.
+
+
+
+音节由元音作为最基础要素构成，一个音节有且只有一个元音。
+
+音节的长短，主要是元音的长短……
+
+英文的音节相对就是更长…… 中国人说英语面临的问题 —— 会不由自主快出很多拍。
+
+多音节词汇，重音，次重音。
+
+一个音节对应中文的一个字，individual，`/ˌɪndəˈvɪʤəwəl/`，相当于中文 5 个字的长度……
+
+People's opnions vary from individual to individual. 
+
+人们的观念各不相同。
+

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.3.1-structure.md

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# 3.3.1. 构成（Structure of a syllable）
+
+**英文的词汇由至少一个音节构成**。英文中出现频率最高的几个词，*a/an*, *the*, *of*, *to*, *for*... 等等都是单音节词汇。有的词汇可能很长，由很多音节构成。在英文词典中能找到的最长词汇总计由 19 个音节，45 个字母构成：
+
+> *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/En-us-pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.ogg.mp3"></span>
+>
+> `/ˌnumənəʊˌəltrəˌmaɪkrəˌskɑpɪkˌsɪləkəʊvɑlˌkeɪnəʊˌkəʊniˈəʊsəs/`
+
+英文的音节构成大抵上有以下几种形式（其中，`c` 代表辅音，`v` 代表元音）：
+
+ * `v`： *awe* `/ɔː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/awe-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `vc`： *add* `/æd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/add-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `cv`： *the* `/ðə/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/the-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `cvc`： *dog* `/dɔg/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/dog-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `ccv`： *flee* `/fliː/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flee-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `vcc`： *east* `/iːst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/east-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `cvcc`： *task* `/tæsk/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/task-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `ccvc`： *speed* `/spiːd/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/speed-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `ccvcc`： *thrust* `/θrʌst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/thrust-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `cvccc`： *text* `/tekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/text-us.mp3"></span>
+ * `ccvccc`： *flexed* `/flekst/` <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us="/audios/flexed-us.mp3"></span>
+

1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.3.2-stress.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+# 3.3.2. 重音（Stress）
+
+当一个词汇由一个以上的音节构成之时，其中的某个音节可能带有重音（*stress*），在音标中使用 `ˈ` 作为标记。
+
+When a word contains more than one syllable, one of those syllables may carry the *stress*, marked by `ˈ` in phonetic notation.
+
+有些时候，同样的词汇，因**重音位置**不同会产生**词义**或**词性**的变化。比如，*address*, `/ˈæˌdrɛs/` 是名词，“地址”；`/əˈdrɛs/` 是动词，“强调”；再比如，*record*，可以读作 `/ˈrɛkərd/` 或 `/rɪˈkɔrd/`，前者是名词，后者是动词。
+
+At times, the same word can bear different meanings or parts of speech due to the varying placement of the *stress*. For example, the word *address* when pronounced as `/ˈæˌdrɛs/` is a *noun*, meaning *place of residence*. However, when pronounced as `/əˈdrɛs/`, it is a *verb*, indicating to *highlight* or *bring attention to*. And *record* can be pronounced as `/ˈrɛkərd/` or `/rɪˈkɔːd/`. The former is a *noun*, while the latter is a *verb*.
+
+一个多音节词汇中，最多只有一个重音音节，但，可能还有另外一些音节是**次重音**（*secondary stress*），在音标中使用 `ˌ` 作为标记。比如，*serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/`，有一个**重音**和一个**次重音**。而 *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* 总计有 19 个音节，其中 7 个是次重音，唯一的重音是 `oʊ`……
+
+In a multisyllabic word, there is *only one* syllable with *primary stress*. However, there may be other syllables with *secondary stress*, marked by `ˌ` in phonetic notation. For instance, *serendipity* `/ˌserənˈdɪpɪti/` has one primary stress and one secondary stress. On the other hand, the word *[Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis)* consists of *19* syllables in total, with *7* carrying secondary stress and the *sole* primary stress falling on `oʊ`.
+
+在学习英文的时候，亚洲人特别需要注意的是，要从心理上纠正一个对应关系，“英文音节 - 字”，而不是 “英文单词 - 字” —— 亚洲文字，无论是中文、日文还是韩文，所有的字都是单音节构成。
+
+What Asian learners of English must be especially mindful of is to mentally correct the correlation from "*English syllable - Asian Character*" instead of "English word - Asian Character". This is because all characters in Asian languages, whether Chinese, Japanese, or Korean, are composed of single syllables.
+
+*individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这一个单词，总计 *5* 个音节，即，相当于 *5* 个汉字的长度…… 对比以下句子的音节数量：
+
+The word *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` has a total of *5* syllables, which is equivalent to the length of *5* Chinese characters. Consider the comparison between the number of syllables in the following sentences
+
+> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` —— 总计 *8* 个字，*8* 个音节。
+> * 人们看法各不相同。`[Rénmen kànfǎ gè bù xiāngtóng]` - *8 characters in Chinese, 8 syllables*. 
+> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpipəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈvɛri frəm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl tə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` —— 总计 *7* 个单词，*19* 个音节。
+> * People's opinions vary from individual to individual. `/ˈpipəlz əˈpɪnjənz ˈvɛri frəm ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl tə ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` - *7* words in English, *19* syllables.
+
+这个对应关系的纠正很重要，因为这个对应关系在最底层影响连贯声音的理解方式。
+
+Recognizing this correlation is crucial as it fundamentally affects how we comprehend the flow of sounds in a sentence.
+
+另外一个重点在于，英文的音节有**重音**、**次重音**、**非重音**的区别，这一点也和亚洲语言明显不同。
+
+Another crucial point is that English syllables have varying degrees of stress: *primary stress*, *secondary stress*, and the *unstressed*, which is noticeably different from Asian languages.
+
+5 个汉字（或者日文字、韩文字）排在一起大概是这样的：
+
+When 5 Chinese characters (or Japanese or Korean characters) are lined up, it might look like this:
+
+![5-chars](/images/5-chars.svg)
+
+但，由 5 个音节构成的词汇 *individual* 相应应该是这样的：
+
+However, the word *individual*, which is composed of 5 syllables, would likely be represented like this:
+
+![5-syllables](/images/5-syllables.svg)
+
+英语里除了重音、次重音、非重音之外，还有**弱读音节**，比如被弱化成 `ə` 的 *schwa*。
+
+In English, in addition to primary stress, secondary stress, and unstressed syllables, we also have weakly pronounced syllables, like the schwa (`ə`) sound that occurs when syllables are reduced.
+
+细细体会 *individual* `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/` 这个词，如果每个音节都清晰地用同样的 stress 读出来的话，应该是 `/ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/`…… 这里面，第二个音节 `/dɪ/`里的元音 `ɪ` 被弱化为 `ə`；另外，第四个音节 `/dʒju/` 里的元音 `ju` 也被弱化成了 `ə`，但保留了 `u` 的音色；而处于音节末尾的 `l`，之前自带着轻微的 `ə`，于是连成了很轻的 `wəl`……
+
+Let's Dig deep into the word *individual*, for example, pronounced `/ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/`. If each syllable was placed equal stress, it would sound something like /ɪn-dɪ-vɪ-dʒju-əl/... Within this pronunciation, the vowel `ɪ` in the second syllable `/dɪ/` is reduced to the schwa sound, `ə`; likewise, the vowel `ju` in the fourth syllable `/dʒju/` is also reduced to `ə`, but retains the coloration of `u`. The `l` at the end of the syllable, which originally carries a slight `ə` sound, thus becomes a very light `wəl`...
+
+![5-syllables-individual](/images/5-syllables-individual.svg)
+
+
+