24th rectification.
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@@ -349,7 +349,14 @@ Daniel Jones 去世之后,Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作,于 1977
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`m` 在音节末尾的情况,对中文普通话使用者来说,没有任何难度。能准确说中文普通话的人,也都可以分清楚音节末尾的前鼻音 `n` 和后鼻音 `ŋ` 之间的区别。对中国南部地区的一些人就困难了,他们说普通话的时候就分不清楚前鼻音和后鼻音,比如,“英雄”,会被说成 `yīn xión`,而不是 `yīng xióng`。这没什么别的办法,只能硬逼着自己生学硬练后鼻音的发声方式。
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前鼻音 `n` 随后跟着软腭音 `k` 的时候,会自然变成后鼻音,读作 `ŋ`,比如 *tank*,词典里的音标通常也直接标注成 `tæŋk`。
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`ŋ` 在词汇末尾的时候,若是后面跟着个元音开头的音节,经常会被读成 `n`,与后面的音节连读,比如:
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> * *going out* ⭢ `goʊɪn aʊt`
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> * *sing a song* ⭢ `sɪn ə sɔŋ`
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> * *wrong idea* ⭢ `rɔn aɪˈdiə`
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> * *thinking of* ⭢ `ˈθɪŋkɪn əv`
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#### 2.2.4. `t, d, s, z; ʃ, tʃ, dʒ`
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@@ -401,9 +408,9 @@ Daniel Jones 去世之后,Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作,于 1977
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需要注意的是,`p, t, k` 这三个清辅音在 `s` 之后的时候会发生 “浊化” 现象。
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* *speak* `spiːk` 实际上读作 `sbiːk`
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* *student* `ˈstudənt` 实际上读作 `ˈsdudənt`
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* *school* `skuːl` 实际上读作 `sguːl`
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> * *speak* `spiːk` 实际上读作 `sbiːk`
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> * *student* `ˈstudənt` 实际上读作 `ˈsdudənt`
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> * *school* `skuːl` 实际上读作 `sguːl`
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@@ -451,24 +458,24 @@ Daniel Jones 去世之后,Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作,于 1977
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`ʒ` 这个音在中文中不存在,是位于 `r` 和 `dʒ` 之间的音。这个音对亚洲人来说,实在是太难了。幸运的是,含有这个音在英文词汇其实很少,在最常用的 10,000 英语词汇里只有 69 个,而最常用的也就十几个:
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* *beige* - `beɪʒ` - A pale sandy yellow-brown color
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* *collage* - `kəˈlɑːʒ` - A piece of art made by sticking various different materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric onto a backing
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* *corsage* - `kɔːrˈsɑːʒ` - A small bouquet of flowers worn on a woman's dress or around her wrist
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* *decision* - `dɪˈsɪʒən` - A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
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* *decoupage* - `ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ` - The art or craft of decorating objects with paper cut-outs
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* *garage* - `ɡəˈrɑːʒ` - A building for housing a motor vehicle
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* *genre* - `ˈʒɑːnrə` - A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature
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* *leisure* - `ˈleʒər` - Time free from work or duties
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* *massage* - `məˈsɑʒ` - The rubbing and kneading of muscles and joints of the body with the hands, especially to relieve tension or pain
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* *measure* - `ˈmeʒər` - To ascertain the size, amount, or degree of something
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* *mirage* - `mɪˈrɑːʒ` - An optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions
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* *montage* - `mɒnˈtɑːʒ` - The technique of producing a new composite whole from fragments of pictures, text, or music
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* *pleasure* - `ˈpleʒər` - A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
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* *regime* - `reɪˈʒiːm` - A government, especially an authoritarian one
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* *rouge* - `ruːʒ` - A red powder or cream used as a cosmetic for coloring the cheeks or lips
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* *treasure* - `ˈtreʒər` - A quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects
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* *usual* - `ˈjuʒəwəl` - Habitually or typically occurring or done
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* *vision* - `ˈvɪʒən` - The ability to see; sight
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> * *beige* - `beɪʒ` - A pale sandy yellow-brown color
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> * *collage* - `kəˈlɑːʒ` - A piece of art made by sticking various different materials such as photographs and pieces of paper or fabric onto a backing
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> * *corsage* - `kɔːrˈsɑːʒ` - A small bouquet of flowers worn on a woman's dress or around her wrist
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> * *decision* - `dɪˈsɪʒən` - A conclusion or resolution reached after consideration
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> * *decoupage* - `ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ` - The art or craft of decorating objects with paper cut-outs
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> * *garage* - `ɡəˈrɑːʒ` - A building for housing a motor vehicle
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> * *genre* - `ˈʒɑːnrə` - A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature
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> * *leisure* - `ˈleʒər` - Time free from work or duties
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> * *massage* - `məˈsɑʒ` - The rubbing and kneading of muscles and joints of the body with the hands, especially to relieve tension or pain
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> * *measure* - `ˈmeʒər` - To ascertain the size, amount, or degree of something
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> * *mirage* - `mɪˈrɑːʒ` - An optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions
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> * *montage* - `mɒnˈtɑːʒ` - The technique of producing a new composite whole from fragments of pictures, text, or music
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> * *pleasure* - `ˈpleʒər` - A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment
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> * *regime* - `reɪˈʒiːm` - A government, especially an authoritarian one
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> * *rouge* - `ruːʒ` - A red powder or cream used as a cosmetic for coloring the cheeks or lips
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> * *treasure* - `ˈtreʒər` - A quantity of precious metals, gems, or other valuable objects
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> * *usual* - `ˈjuʒəwəl` - Habitually or typically occurring or done
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> * *vision* - `ˈvɪʒən` - The ability to see; sight
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其实,只要肯反复练习,这个音对中文普通话使用者来说并不像最初以为的那么难。先试试说一下 `dʒ`(中文普通话拼音中的 `zh`),然后,把顶在上颚上的舌面略微下放一点点,留出一个缝隙以便气流通过 —— `ʒ`和 `dʒ` 的区别就是这个缝隙。
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@@ -514,7 +521,19 @@ Daniel Jones 去世之后,Alfred C. Gimson 接受了他的工作,于 1977
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而又因为连贯的语音,往往还带着高低起伏([3.3](#3.3.-高低),[3.4](#3.4.-起伏)),有着轻重缓急([3.5](#3.5.-轻重),[3.6](#3.6.-缓急)),于是在这个过程中某些因素会自然发生一些变化,甚至变体,简直不可能更自然了。
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比如,非重音上的元音常常被简化成 ` ə`([2.1.4](#2.1.4.-`ə`/`əː`))`t, d` 常常有各种变化([2.2.5](#2.2.5.-`t`)):**弹舌音** `t̬`(*alveolar flapping*)、**省音**( *elision*)、**同化**(*assimilation*);`h` 可能会被**击穿**(*dropping*, [2.2.7](#2.2.8.-`h`));`j` 和 `w` 可能会不知不觉地被插入,形成**加音**(*intrusion*, [2.2.12](#2.2.13.-`j, w`))…… 这些其实都是基础,一点都不高级。
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不仅相邻的音节可能连起来,在连接的过程中,有些音素还会因此产生变化,比如:
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> * 非重音上的元音常常被简化成 ` ə`([2.1.4](#2.1.4.-`ə`/`əː`))
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> * `t, d` 常常有各种变化([2.2.5](#2.2.5.-`t,-d`)):
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> * **弹舌音** `t̬`(*alveolar flapping `t̬`*)
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> * **省音**( *elision*)
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> * **同化**(*assimilation*);
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>
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> * `h` 可能会被**击穿**(*dropping*, [2.2.7](#2.2.8.-`h`));
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> * `ŋ` 可能会读成 `n`([2.2.3](#2.2.3.-`m,-n,-ŋ`));
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> * `j` 和 `w` 可能会不知不觉地被插入,形成**加音**(*intrusion*, [2.2.12](#2.2.13.-`j,-w`))
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…… 可是,这些其实都是基础,一点都不高级。
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还有一个连读现象,叫做**叠音**(*geminates*),需要单独讲一下 —— 两个相同的辅音连在一起:前一个音节末尾的辅音和下一个音节开头的辅音相同,那么,两个辅音只发一次。
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@@ -930,56 +949,56 @@ D.J 音标经过多次改版,最终被剑桥接手,于 1997 发布了第 15
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大多数助动词、系动词、介词、连词、冠词、代词,都有两种发音形式:“强读式”、“弱读式” —— 这些单词往往都是单音节单词。在自然语流中,它们更多的情况下是以弱读式读出的。以下是其中最常见最普及的强读式、弱读式对照列表。注意,以下的列表不能当作硬规则使用,不是所有的虚词都必须被弱读;也不是所有的实词都必须被强读。下面的列表只是在描述现象。
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- a: `eɪ` → `ə`
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- am: `æm` → `əm, m`
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- an: `æn` → `ən, n`
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- and: `ænd` → `ənd, nd, ən, n`
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- any: `'eni` → `ni`
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- are: `a:` → `ə`
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- as: `æs` → `əz`
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- at: `æt` → `ət`
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- but: `bʌt` → `bət`
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- can: `kæn` → `kən, kn, kŋ`
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- could: `kud` → `kəd, kd`
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- do: `duː` → `du, də, d`
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- does: `dʌz` → `dəz`
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- for: `fɔː` → `fə, f`
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- from: `frɔm` → `frəm, frm`
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- had: `hæd` → `həd, əd, d`
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- has: `hæz` → `həz, əz`
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- have: `hæv` → `həv, həf, əv, əf`
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- he: `hiː` → `hi, iː, i`
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- her: `həː` → `hə, əː, ə`
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- him: `him` → `im`
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- his: `hiz` → `iz`
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- I: `ai` → `aː, ə`
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- is: `iz` → `s, z`
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- many: `'meni` → `mni`
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- me: `miː` → `mi`
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- must: `mʌst` → `məst, məs`
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- my: `mai` → `mi`
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- of: `əv` → `əv, v, f, ə`
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- our: `ɑʊɚ` → `ar`
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- shall: `ʃæl` → `ʃəl, ʃl`
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- she: `ʃiː` → `ʃi`
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- should: `ʃud` → `ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt`
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- so: `səʊ` → `sə`
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- some: `sʌm` → `səm, sm`
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- such: `sʌʧ` → `səʧ`
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- than: `ðæn` → `ðən, ðn`
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- that: `ðæt` → `ðət`
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- the: `ði:` → `ði, ðə`
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- them: `ðem` → `ðəm, ðm, əm, m`
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- then: `ðen` → `ðən`
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- to: `tuː` → `tu, tə, t`
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- us: `us` → `əs`
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- was: `wɔz` → `wəz, wə`
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- we: `wiː` → `wi`
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- were: `wəː` → `wə`
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- when: `wen` → `wən`
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- will: `wil` → `əl, l`
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- would: `wud` → `wəd, əd`
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- you: `juː` → `ju, jə`
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> - a: `eɪ` → `ə`
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> - am: `æm` → `əm, m`
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> - an: `æn` → `ən, n`
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> - and: `ænd` → `ənd, nd, ən, n`
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> - any: `'eni` → `ni`
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> - are: `a:` → `ə`
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> - as: `æs` → `əz`
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> - at: `æt` → `ət`
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> - but: `bʌt` → `bət`
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> - can: `kæn` → `kən, kn, kŋ`
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> - could: `kud` → `kəd, kd`
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> - do: `duː` → `du, də, d`
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> - does: `dʌz` → `dəz`
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> - for: `fɔː` → `fə, f`
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> - from: `frɔm` → `frəm, frm`
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> - had: `hæd` → `həd, əd, d`
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> - has: `hæz` → `həz, əz`
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> - have: `hæv` → `həv, həf, əv, əf`
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> - he: `hiː` → `hi, iː, i`
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> - her: `həː` → `hə, əː, ə`
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> - him: `him` → `im`
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> - his: `hiz` → `iz`
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> - I: `ai` → `aː, ə`
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> - is: `iz` → `s, z`
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> - many: `'meni` → `mni`
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> - me: `miː` → `mi`
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> - must: `mʌst` → `məst, məs`
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> - my: `mai` → `mi`
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> - of: `əv` → `əv, v, f, ə`
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> - our: `ɑʊɚ` → `ar`
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> - shall: `ʃæl` → `ʃəl, ʃl`
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> - she: `ʃiː` → `ʃi`
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> - should: `ʃud` → `ʃəd, ʃd, ʃt`
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> - so: `səʊ` → `sə`
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> - some: `sʌm` → `səm, sm`
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> - such: `sʌʧ` → `səʧ`
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> - than: `ðæn` → `ðən, ðn`
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> - that: `ðæt` → `ðət`
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> - the: `ði:` → `ði, ðə`
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> - them: `ðem` → `ðəm, ðm, əm, m`
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> - then: `ðen` → `ðən`
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> - to: `tuː` → `tu, tə, t`
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> - us: `us` → `əs`
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> - was: `wɔz` → `wəz, wə`
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> - we: `wiː` → `wi`
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> - were: `wəː` → `wə`
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> - when: `wen` → `wən`
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> - will: `wil` → `əl, l`
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> - would: `wud` → `wəd, əd`
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> - you: `juː` → `ju, jə`
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