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xiaolai
@@ -10,17 +10,21 @@ In terms of mouth shape, the vowel sound <span class="pho">ʌ</span> requires th
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The American pronunciation of <span class="pho">ʌ</span> is actually quite similar to <span class="pho">ə</span>. For instance, the word *but*, pronounced <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span>, often sounds more like <span class="pho alt">bət</span>.
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美国人还会再进一步，会把很多非重读音节内的元音简化为 <span class="pho">ə</span> —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>（长元音），还要将 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 变成 *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>……
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美国人还会再进一步，会把很多**非重读音节**内的元音简化为 <span class="pho">ə</span> —— 对此还有个专门的术语，将其称为 *schwa*。所以，*encourage* 这个词英国人和美国人读得不太一样，英国人会读作 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>，但，美国人却将其被读成 <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>—— 不仅要将 <span class="pho">ʌ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ɝː</span>（长元音），还要将 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 变成 *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>……
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They even go a step further, simplifying many unstressed vowel sounds to <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is <span class="pho">ʌ</span> pronounced as <span class="pho">ə</span>, but the <span class="pho">ɪ</span> also turns into a *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>...
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They even go a step further, simplifying many *unstressed vowel sounds* to <span class="pho">ə</span>, which is particularly referred to as a *schwa*. So, the word *encourage* is pronounced differently by Brits and Americans. Brits say <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/encourage-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/encourage-uk-female.mp3"></span>, while Americans pronounce it as <span class="pho alt">ɪnˈkɝːədʒ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/encourage-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/encourage-us-female.mp3"></span>. In this case, not only is <span class="pho">ʌ</span> pronounced as <span class="pho">ə</span>, but the <span class="pho">ɪ</span> also turns into a *schwa*, <span class="pho">ə</span>...
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在美式英语中，长元音 <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span> 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 <span class="pho">r</span>，所以很多美式词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 标注（包括 CEPD）。比如，*card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 常常会被儿化 —— 加上一个卷舌音 <span class="pho">r</span>，所以很多美式词典干脆用 <span class="pho">ɑr</span> 标注。比如，*card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, *mark* <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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The long vowel <span class="pho alt">ɑː</span> is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a <span class="pho">r</span> sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing <span class="pho">ɑː</span> with <span class="pho">ɑr</span>, including CEPD. For example, *card* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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The vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is often *rhotacized* - meaning it is followed by a <span class="pho">r</span> sound, which leads to many American Dictionaries replacing <span class="pho">ɑː</span> with <span class="pho">ɑr</span>. For example, *card* is pronounced as <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>, and *mark* as <span class="pho alt">mɑːrk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mark-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mark-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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在英音中，长元音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 对应的短元音是 <span class="pho">ʌ</span>。但，在美音中，长元音 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 对应的更短版本是 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> —— 不要被这个长元音符号迷惑了，它实际上对应的是英音中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>，只不过相对略长一些。比如，*hot*, 英音是 <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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英音中的短元音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span>，在美音中读作 <span class="pho">ɑː</span>。比如，*hot*, 英音是 <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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In British English, the short vowel matching the long vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is <span class="pho">ʌ</span>. However, in American English, the short vowel corresponding to the long vowel <span class="pho">ɑr</span> is <span class="pho">ɑː</span>, which is actually similar to the British short vowel <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, yet a little bit longer - don't be misled by the long vowel sign <span class="pho">ː</span> following <span class="pho">ɑ</span>. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>in British English and <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>in American English.
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The short vowel <span class="pho">ɒ</span> in British English, is pronounced as <span class="pho">ɑː</span>. For instance, the word *hot* is pronounced <span class="pho alt">hɒt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/hot-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/hot-uk-female.mp3"></span>in British English and <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>in American English.
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请注意，在 CEPD 中，对应着英音 <span class="pho">ɒ</span> 的美音 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 虽然带着一个长元音符号，它实际的长度相当于**半长元音**，比短元音长一些，比长元音短一些。除了 CEPD 之外，大多词典会把 *hot* 的音标标注为 <span class="pho alt">hɑt</span> —— 即，没有长元音符号。按照 CEPD 的标注，可以这么理解：在美式英语中，<span class="pho">ʌ</span> 最短，<span class="pho">ɑː</span> 更长一些，而 <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> 最长。
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Please note that in CEPD, the American English sound <span class="pho">ɑː</span>, corresponding to the British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>, is denoted with a long vowel symbol. However, its actual duration is akin to a **semi-long vowel** - slightly longer than a short vowel but shorter than a long vowel. Apart from CEPD, most dictionaries would transcribe *hot* as <span class="pho alt">/hɑt/</span>, without the long vowel symbol. In accordance with CEPD's notation, you can understand it this way: in American English, <span class="pho">ʌ</span> is the shortest, <span class="pho">ɑː</span> is a bit longer, and <span class="pho">ɑːr`</span> is the longest.
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英音中的 <span class="pho">ɑː</span> 在美式英语中读作 <span class="pho">æ</span>，最常见的例子是 *ask*，英音是 <span class="pho alt">ɑːsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/us/ask-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/us/ask-uk-female.mp3"></span>，美音是 <span class="pho alt">æsk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ask-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ask-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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@@ -32,4 +36,4 @@ In American English, the British <span class="pho">ɑː</span> sound is pronounc
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To sum up, it's an interesting feature of American English:
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> The sound <span class="pho">ʌ</span> actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel <span class="pho">ʌ</span> as in *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>, the semi-long vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> as in *hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, and the rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> as in *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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> The sound <span class="pho">ʌ</span> actually has three versions. You've got the short vowel <span class="pho">ʌ</span> as in *but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/but-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/but-us-female.mp3"></span>, the semi-long vowel <span class="pho">ɑː</span> as in *hot* <span class="pho alt">hɑːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hot-us-female.mp3"></span>, and the rhotacized long vowel <span class="pho">ɑːr</span> as in *card* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/card-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/card-us-female.mp3"></span>.
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