everyone-can-use-english/1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/1.2-phonemes.md

1.2 音素（Phonemes）

在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为音素（phonemes）。英语的音素分为元音和辅音。

In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as phonemes. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: vowels and consonants.

Note

• 这个教程采用的注音体系是 D.J. 音标。Daniel Jones 于 1917 年发布 English Pronouncing Dictionary (EPD, 英语发音词典)，并在其后的多年里反复修订。最终它被剑桥接手，更名为 Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD, 剑桥英语发音词典) 。CEPD于 1997 年发布第 15 版，增加了一些符号用以同时标注美式发音。目前的 CEPD 已经是第 18 版。D.J. 音标目前被各大英语权威词典广泛采用，除了剑桥英语发音词典之外，还包括 牛津词典、朗文当代英语词典、柯林斯 COBUILD，等等。
• The phonetic notation system employed in this tutorial is the D.J. Phonetic transcription, introduced by Daniel Jones who published his English Pronouncing Dictionary (EPD) back in 1917 and continually revised it over many years. Eventually handed over to Cambridge University Press, its name was revamped as the Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD). The CEPD rolled out its 15^th^ edition sometime around 1997 with an additional set of symbols for American pronunciations tallied along. Now on par with their 18^th^ outing, this sitely respin of Jone's original framework has been widely adopted amongst major authoritative dictionaries - including but not limited to Oxford's upstanding series or Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English down till Collins COBUILD.

1.2.1 元音（Vowels）

英语总计约有 20 个元音。

English approximately has 20 vowels.

元音可以被分为短元音（short vowels）和长元音（long vowels）；与此同时，它们也可以分为单元音（monophthongs）和双元音（diphthongs）。

Vowels can be classified into long and short vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as monophthongs and diphthongs.

Monophthongs		Diphthongs
Short vowels	ʌ, e, ə, ɪ, ʊ, ɒ
Long vowels	ɑː, æ, əː, iː, uː, ɔː	aɪ, eɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, oʊ, eə, ɪə, ʊə

1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）

英文大约 28 个辅音。

English approximately has 28 consonants.

Airflow	Voiced or not	Consonants
Plosive	Voiceless	p, t, k
	Voiced	b, d, g
Fricative	Voiceless	f, s, θ, ʃ, h
	Voiced	v, z, ð, ʒ, r
Affricate	Voiceless	tʃ, tr, ts
	Voiced	dʒ, dr, dz
Nasal	Voiced	m, n, ŋ
Lateral	Voiced	l
Semivowel		j, w