105 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
105 lines
10 KiB
Markdown
# 3.1.4. <span class="pho">ʊ/u/uː</span>
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<span class="pho">u</span> 这个元音，也被称为 “圆元音”（*round vowel*），是因为说它的时候，嘴唇要略微缩成一个圆形，且嘴唇还要略微凸出。不过，由于这个元音在地球上的任何语言都存在，并且还几乎是一模一样地用，所以，大家说起来都不费劲。
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## 3.1.4.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>f<b>oo</b>t <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/foot-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/foot-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>f<b>oo</b>t <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/foot-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/foot-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">uː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_blue_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>m<b>oo</b>n <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/moon-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/moon-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">uː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_blue_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>m<b>oo</b>n <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moon-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moon-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">u</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>sit<b>u</b>ation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/situation-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/situation-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">u</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>sit<b>u</b>ation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/situation-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/situation-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">ʊə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>p<b>ure</b> <span class="pho alt">pjʊə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/pure-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/pure-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">ʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>p<b>ure</b> <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/pure-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/pure-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.1.4.2. 短元音 vs. 长元音
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有一个很小的细节值得注意，短元音 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 其实就算不把嘴唇弄圆也可以发出，但长元音 <span class="pho">uː</span> 就不行。所以，<span class="pho">uː</span> 发声相对于短元音 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 嘴唇总是相对更圆更凸出一点点。
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请试着比较一下以下词对：
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> * *book* <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/book-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *boot* <span class="pho alt">buːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boot-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *cook* <span class="pho alt">kʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cook-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cook-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *cool* <span class="pho alt">kuːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cool-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cool-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *food* <span class="pho alt">fʊd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/food-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/food-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *foot* <span class="pho alt">fuːt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/foot-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *good* <span class="pho alt">gʊd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/good-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/good-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *goose* <span class="pho alt">guːs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/goose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/goose-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *look* <span class="pho alt">lʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/look-us-female.mp3"></span> ⭤ *loop* <span class="pho alt">luːp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/loop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/loop-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.1.4.3. 轻元音 <span class="pho">u</span>
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另外，在《剑桥英语发声词典》中，这个音在非重音音节时被标注为 <span class="pho">u</span>，是个轻元音，和 <span class="pho">i</span> 一样，只出现在非重音音节之中。之前见到过的例子是 *situation* <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ·uˈeɪ·ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/situation-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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## 3.1.4.4. 儿化音 <span class="pho">ʊr</span>
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美音的儿化音 <span class="pho">ʊr</span> 对应着英音的 <span class="pho">ʊə</span>，比如 *poor* <span class="pho alt">pʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/poor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/poor-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 不过请注意，这个词的英音可不是 <span class="pho alt">pʊə</span>，而是 <span class="pho alt">pɔː(r)</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/poor-uk-male.mp3" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/poor-uk-female.mp3"></span>。
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## 3.1.4.5. 常见拼写
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### <span class="pho">ʊ</span>
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* **u**
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* bush <span class="pho alt">bʊʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bush-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bush-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* push <span class="pho alt">pʊʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/push-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/push-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* put <span class="pho alt">pʊt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/put-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/put-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **oo**
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* book <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/book-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* good <span class="pho alt">ɡʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/good-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/good-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* wood <span class="pho alt">wʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wood-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wood-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ou**
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* could <span class="pho alt">kʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/could-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/could-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* should <span class="pho alt">ʃʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/should-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/should-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* would <span class="pho alt">wʊd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/would-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/would-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">uː</span>
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* **ew**
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* chew <span class="pho alt">tʃuː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/chew-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/chew-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* drew <span class="pho alt">druː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drew-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drew-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **o**
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* do <span class="pho alt">duː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/do-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/do-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* to <span class="pho alt">tuː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/to-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/to-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* who <span class="pho alt">huː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/who-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/who-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **oo**
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* boot <span class="pho alt">buːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boot-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* food <span class="pho alt">fuːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/food-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/food-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* moon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/moon-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **u**
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* June <span class="pho alt">dʒuːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/June-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/June-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* rule <span class="pho alt">ruːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rule-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rule-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ue**
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* glue <span class="pho alt">ɡluː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/glue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/glue-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* true <span class="pho alt">truː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/true-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/true-us-female.mp3"></span>
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