91 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
91 lines
21 KiB
Markdown
# 1.2. 音素（Phonemes）
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在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
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In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
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英文的**音素**用**音标**标注其发音。遗憾的是，英文音标标注方式并不统一。
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In English, **phonemes** are annotated by **phonetic symbols** to indicate pronunciation. Unfortunately, there's no universal standard for English phonetic notation.
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我们在这里采用了 [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD)](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/) 的音标标注体系。
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Here, we use the phonetic notation system from the [Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary](https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/).
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> [!Note]
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>
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> CEPD 的英式英语的音标是 D.J. 音标体系；而它的美式英语的音标采用的是国际音标体系（IPA）；其详细说明请参考 CEPD 的官方网址[^1]：
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>
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> The phonetic notation for British English in CEPD uses the D.J. system, while for American English, it adopts the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For a detailed explanation, please refer to the official CEPD website:
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>
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> > https://dictionary.cambridge.org/help/phonetics.html
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## 1.2.1. 元音（Vowels）
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| Vowels | Examples |
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| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| <span class="pho">ʌ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cup_2023feb.mp3"></span> | c**u**p <span class="pho alt">kʌp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cup-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cup-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɑː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_father_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**a**ther <span class="pho alt">ˈfɑːðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/father-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/father-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">e</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_head_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**ea**d <span class="pho alt">hed</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/head-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/head-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">æ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hat_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**a**t <span class="pho alt">hæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_above_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **a**bove <span class="pho alt">əˈbʌv</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/above-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/above-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mother_2023feb.mp3"></span> | moth**er** <span class="pho alt">ˈmʌðɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mother-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mother-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɝː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_bird_2023feb.mp3"></span> | b**ir**d <span class="pho alt">bɝːd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/bird-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/bird-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sh**i**p <span class="pho alt">ʃɪp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ship-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ship-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">i</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_happy_2023feb.mp3"></span> | happ**y** <span class="pho alt">ˈhæpi</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/happy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/happy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">iː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sheep_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sh**ee**p <span class="pho alt">ʃiːp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sheep-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sheep-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɔː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_horse_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**or**se <span class="pho alt">hɔːrs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/horse-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/horse-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_foot_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**oo**t <span class="pho alt">fʊt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/foot-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/foot-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">u</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_situation_2023feb.mp3"></span> | sit**u**ation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/situation-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/situation-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">uː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_blue_2023feb.mp3"></span> | bl**ue** <span class="pho alt">bluː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/blue-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/blue-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">eɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_002.mp3"></span> | d**ay** <span class="pho alt">deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">aɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_eye_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **eye** <span class="pho alt">aɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/eye-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/eye-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɔɪ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_boy_2023feb.mp3"></span> | b**oy** <span class="pho alt">bɔɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/boy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/boy-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">oʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_nose_2023feb.mp3"></span> | n**o**se <span class="pho alt">noʊz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/nose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/nose-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">aʊ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_mouth_2023feb.mp3"></span> | m**ou**th <span class="pho alt">maʊθ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/mouth-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/mouth-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_ear_2023feb.mp3"></span> | ear <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/ear-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">er</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hair_2023feb.mp3"></span> | h**air** <span class="pho alt">her</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hair-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hair-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pure_2023feb.mp3"></span> | p**ure** <span class="pho alt">pjʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pure-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pure-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">aɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fire_2023feb.mp3"></span> | f**ire** <span class="pho alt">faɪr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fire-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fire-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">aʊr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hour_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **hour** <span class="pho alt">aʊr</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hour-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hour-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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## 1.2.2. 辅音（Consonants）
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| Consonants | Examples |
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| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| <span class="pho">p</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_pen_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **p**en <span class="pho alt">pen</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/pen-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/pen-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">b</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_book_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **b**ook <span class="pho alt">bʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/book-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/book-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">t</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **t**own <span class="pho alt">taʊn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/town-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/town-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">t̬</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cutting_2023feb.mp3"></span> | cu**tt**ing <span class="pho alt">ˈkʌt̬ɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cutting-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cutting-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">d</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span> | **d**ay <span class="pho alt">deɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/day-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/day-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">k</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cat_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **c**at <span class="pho alt">kæt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cat-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cat-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">g</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_give_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **g**ive <span class="pho alt">ɡɪv</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/give-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/give-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">f</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_fish_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **f**ish <span class="pho alt">fɪʃ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/fish-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/fish-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">v</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_very_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **v**ery <span class="pho alt">ˈveri</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/very-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/very-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">s</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **s**ay <span class="pho alt">seɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/say-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/say-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">z</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **z**oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/zoo-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/zoo-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">θ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_think_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **th**ink <span class="pho alt">θɪŋk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/think-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/think-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ð</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_this_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **th**is <span class="pho alt">ðɪs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/this-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/this-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_she_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **sh**e <span class="pho alt">ʃiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/she-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/she-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_vision_2023feb.mp3"></span> | vi**si**on <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">h</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_hand_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **h**and <span class="pho alt">hænd</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/hand-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/hand-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">tʃ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_cheese_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **ch**eese <span class="pho alt">tʃiːz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/cheese-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/cheese-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">dʒ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_jump_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **j**ump <span class="pho alt">dʒʌmp</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/jump-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/jump-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ts</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_treats_2023feb.mp3"></span> | trea**ts** <span class="pho alt">triːts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/treats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/treats-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">dz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_friends_2023feb.mp3"></span> | frien**ds** <span class="pho alt">frendz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/friends-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/friends-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">m</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_moon_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **m**oon <span class="pho alt">muːn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/moon-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/moon-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">n</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_name_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **n**ame <span class="pho alt">neɪm</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/name-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/name-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">ŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_sing_2023feb.mp3"></span> | si**ng** <span class="pho alt">sɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/sing-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/sing-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">l</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_look_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **l**ook <span class="pho alt">lʊk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/look-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/look-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">r</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_run_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **r**un <span class="pho alt">rʌn</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/run-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/run-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">w</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_we_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **w**e <span class="pho alt">wiː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/we-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/we-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| <span class="pho">j</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/us_phonetics_sound_yes_2023feb.mp3"></span> | **y**es <span class="pho alt">jes</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/yes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/yes-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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## 1.2.3. 重音符号（Stress symbols）
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| Symbols | Functions | Examples |
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| ------- | ---------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| **ˈ** | primary stress | **vi**sion <span class="pho alt">ˈvɪʒən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/vision-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/vision-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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| **ˌ** | secondary stress | **con**troversial <span class="pho alt">ˌkɑːntrəˈvɝːʃəl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us/controversial-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/us/controversial-us-female.mp3"></span> |
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[^1]: A Github [repo](https://github.com/zelic91/camdict) offers a *JSON* format database of CEPD. |