135 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
135 lines
15 KiB
Markdown
# 3.2.2. <span class="pho">t</span>/<span class="pho">d</span>
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<span class="pho">t</span> 是清辅音，<span class="pho">d</span> 是浊辅音。<span class="pho">d</span> 相对简单；然而，<span class="pho">t</span> 却可能是美式英语里最复杂的音素，所以也是最需要专门练习的辅音之一。
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## 3.2.2.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>t</b>ake <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/take-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/take-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">t</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>t</b>ake <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/take-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/take-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td></td>
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<td></td>
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<td><span class="pho">t̬</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_cutting_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td>ci<b>t</b>y <span class="pho alt">ˈsɪt̬.i</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/city-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/city-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">d</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>d</b>og <span class="pho alt">dɒɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/dog-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/dog-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">d</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>d</b>og <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.2.2.2. 舌尖起始位置
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虽然每种语言都有这两个辅音，但，英文的 <span class="pho">t/d</span> 的发声关键在于**舌尖起始位置** —— 顶在**龈脊**（*alveolar ridge*）上，即，位置 ③，而不是贴在牙齿上。
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-td.svg"></img></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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在中文普通话里，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 这两个声母发声时舌尖起始位置贴在牙齿上；你可以试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
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所以，对中国人来说，这其实是个相当难以纠正的习惯，因为舌尖总是不由自主地使用母语习惯贴到牙齿上（位置 ①）而不是龈脊上（位置 ③） —— 于是，只能通过大量且高密度的练习建立新习惯。一个很经典的练习词汇是 *student* <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/student-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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## 3.2.2.3. 并非 <span class="pho">tə/də</span>
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主要额外提醒的是，虽然《剑桥英语发声词典》中，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 的示例都读成了 <span class="pho">tə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_town_2023feb.mp3"></span> 和 <span class="pho">də</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_day_2023feb_001.mp3"></span>，但那并不是这两个音素在自然语流中的实际发音。
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就好像 <span class="pho">p/b</span> 一样，<span class="pho">t/d</span> 在实际发音的时候也会自然带着一个很轻的 <span class="pho">ɤ</span>，而不是 <span class="pho">ə</span>。若是依据母语的习惯，中国人习惯于将 <span class="pho">t(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">tə</span>，将 <span class="pho">d(ɤ)</span> 读作 <span class="pho">də</span>。还是需要为此专门建立一个新习惯。
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## 3.2.2.3. <span class="pho">t</span> 的变体
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<span class="pho">t</span> 这个音素 —— 当然也是最常用的一个 —— 也许是美式英语的辅音里最复杂的一个。t 只有在处于重音音节开头的时候才会被正常读出，比如，*take* <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/take-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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除了正常音 <span class="pho">t</span> 之外，它有很多变体（*allophone*），比如，弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，阻塞音 <span class="pho">t̚</span>，省略音/可选音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span>，以及很多人不经讲解就完全注意不到的喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>。
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### 3.2.2.3.1. 弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>
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夹在两个元音中间的 <span class="pho">t</span> 会变成接近 <span class="pho">d</span> 的弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span>，比如，*water* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɑːt̬ɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/water-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/water-us-female.mp3"></span>。《剑桥英语发声词典》中的美式音标专门为此做了优化，增加了弹舌音 <span class="pho">t̬</span> 的标注 —— 大多数词典并非如此。
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### 3.2.2.3.2. 阻塞音 <span class="pho">t̚</span>
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处于音节末尾的 <span class="pho">t</span>，有时只是舌尖动作完整，却没有发出声音。即，舌尖顶到龈脊之后并没有送出气流。比如，*but* <span class="pho alt">bʌt̚</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/but-stop-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/but-stop-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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### 3.2.2.3.3. 省略音/可选音 <span class="pho">ᵗ</span>
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非重读音节末尾 <span class="pho">n</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">t</span> 可能会被省略掉，比如，*winter* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪnᵗɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/winter-optional-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/winter-optional-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，若是读成 <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪntɚ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/winter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/winter-us-female.mp3"></span>也没错……[^1] 。
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### 3.2.2.3.4. 喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>
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喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> 又是一个英语音标体系中都没有收录的国际音标符号。
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喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span> 相当于是 <span class="pho">g</span> 这个音的阻塞音 <span class="pho">g̚</span>, 就好像用阻塞音说 big 时一样，舌背后部抬起来顶住软腭，而后并不离开，所以没有气流输出，感觉声音被卡住了一小下…… 再反复听听 *Uh-Oh!* <span class="pho alt">ʌʔoʊ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Uh-Oh.mp3"></span> 就明白了。
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<span class="pho">m/n/l</span> 之前的 <span class="pho">t</span> 有可能变成喉塞音 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>，比如，*utmost* <span class="pho alt">ˈʌʔˌmoʊst</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/utmost-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/utmost-us-female.mp3"></span>, *fitness* <span class="pho alt">ˈfɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fitness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fitness-us-female.mp3"></span>, *witness* <span class="pho alt">ˈwɪʔnəs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/witness-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/witness-us-female.mp3"></span>, 或 *fruitless* <span class="pho alt">ˈfruːtləs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fruitless-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fruitless-us-female.mp3"></span> —— 当然，所有词典都一样，都统一标注成 <span class="pho">t</span> 而不是 <span class="pho">ʔ</span>。
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### 3.2.2.3.5. <span class="pho">t</span> 的浊化
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<span class="pho">t</span> 处于 <span class="pho">s</span> 之后的时候会**浊化**，会被读成 <span class="pho">d</span> —— 虽然词典里的音标标注还是 <span class="pho">t</span>，比如 *student*，字典里的标注依然是 <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənt</span>，但读出来的却是 <span class="pho alt">ˈsduː.dənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/student-us-female.mp3"></span>
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。
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## 3.2.2.4. <span class="pho">d</span> 的清化
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<span class="pho">t</span> 有可能**浊化**…… 与之相对地，<span class="pho">d</span> 也可能**清化**。*ed* 在清辅音 <span class="pho">p</span>, <span class="pho">k</span>, <span class="pho">f</span>, <span class="pho">s</span>, <span class="pho">sh</span>, <span class="pho">ch</span>, <span class="pho">th</span> 之后的时候，读作 <span class="pho">t</span>，其他的时候读作 <span class="pho">d</span>。比如，*hoped* <span class="pho alt">hoʊpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3"></span>，*laughed* <span class="pho alt">læft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3"></span>，*liked* <span class="pho alt">laɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/liked-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/liked-us-female.mp3"></span>，*watched* <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watched-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watched-us-female.mp3"></span>。
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## 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">t</span>
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* **t**
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* take <span class="pho alt">teɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/take-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/take-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* top <span class="pho alt">tɑːp</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/top-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/top-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* tilt <span class="pho alt">tɪlt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tilt-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tilt-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **th**
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* Thomas <span class="pho alt">ˈtoʊm.əs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thomas-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thomas-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* Thames <span class="pho alt">temz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thames-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thames-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* thyme <span class="pho alt">taɪm</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thyme-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thyme-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **tt**
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* butter <span class="pho alt">ˈbʌt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/butter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/butter-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* little <span class="pho alt">ˈlɪt̬.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/little-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/little-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* matter <span class="pho alt">ˈmæt̬.ɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/matter-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/matter-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ght**
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* caught <span class="pho alt">kɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/caught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/caught-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* taught <span class="pho alt">tɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/taught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/taught-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* thought <span class="pho alt">θɑːt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thought-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thought-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ed** (after a voiceless consonant <span class="pho">p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th</span>)
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* hoped <span class="pho alt">hoʊpt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/hoped-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/hoped-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* laughed <span class="pho alt">læft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laughed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laughed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* liked <span class="pho alt">laɪkt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/liked-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/liked-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* watched <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watched-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watched-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">d</span>
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* **d**
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* dog <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dog-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dog-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* deed <span class="pho alt">diːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/deed-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/deed-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* need <span class="pho alt">niːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/need-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/need-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **dd**
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* add <span class="pho alt">æd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/add-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/add-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* riddle <span class="pho alt">ˈrɪd.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/riddle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/riddle-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sudden <span class="pho alt">ˈsʌd.ən</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sudden-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sudden-us-female.mp3"></span>
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[^1]: 非重读音节末尾的 *nd* 中的 <span class="pho">d</span> 也常常并不发音，最常见的比如 *and* 会被读作 <span class="pho alt">ən</span>，再比如，*a second offer* 会被说成 <span class="pho alt">ə ˈsekən‿ɑːfɚ</span>。甚至，<span class="pho">ntʃ</span> 也常常被读成 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span>，比如，*adventure* <span class="pho">/ədˈvenᵗʃɚ/</span>, 或者 *French* <span class="pho">/frenᵗʃ/</span> —— 在 <span class="pho">nᵗʃ</span> 这一点上，美式英语和英式英语都一样。 |