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2.2.14. l, r
l 发声时起始的舌尖位置与 t/d 相同。
When pronouncing the 'l' sound, the tip of the tongue starts in the same position as it does for 't/d'.
r 发声时起始的舌尖位置相对更加靠后。
For the 'r' sound, the tongue's tip begins a bit further back.
l 和 r 处于音节开头的时候，人们一般不会觉得困难，比如 lot 或者 rot……
Pronouncing 'l' and 'r' at the beginning of syllables usually is of no difficulty at all, for example in words like 'lot' or 'rot'…
l 的困难总是来自于它们处在音节末尾的时候。
The difficulty with 'l' often arises when it's at the end of a syllable.
不妨尝试着先读一下 milk /mɪlk/…… 很多人读出来的实际上是 /mjʊk/……
Feel free to give the word milk /mɪlk/ a try... Many people actually pronounce it more like /mjʊk/...
l 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 l 会掺杂着一个轻微的 ə 的元音音色。
There's a hidden motion when the l is at the end of a syllable. The tip of the tongue moves forward and upward until it touches the alveolar ridge. Therefore, the l at the end of a syllable has a slight vowel sound ə mixed in.
说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
Actually, it's not too challenging. With just a few minutes, it can be easily corrected.
- 先反复说
ə... əl... ə... əl...这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，不要带嘴唇变化造成的ʊ的音色；从ə到l的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……- Start by repeating
ə... əl... ə... əl...Here's a crucial point: after opening lips, make no other movements. Avoid adding the sound ofʊcaused by lip changes. During the transition fromətoəl, while maintaining vocal cord vibration, let the tip of your tongue handle the rest...- 接着直接反复说
əl... əl...- Next, repeating
əl... əl...- 再反复说
əlk... əlk...- Follow with repeating
əlk... əlk...- 现在反复说
mɪəlk... mɪəlk...现在需要格外注意：为了m发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着ʊ的音色……- Now, keep saying
mɪəlk... mɪəlk.... Again, pay special attention here: lips are opened to make themsound, but after that, there should be no other lip movement, thus avoiding unnecessaryʊsound.
再用同样的方式练练 girl /gəːl/（常常会被误读成 /gəʊ/）, world /wəːld/（常常会被误读成 /wəʊd/）。
Practice pronouncing girl /gəːl/ (often mispronounced as /gəʊl/) and world (often mispronounced as /wəʊd/) the same way.
以 l 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 ə，比如：
There are many common words where l ends the syllable. Be sure to include the ə sound when pronouncing them. For example:
fail, file, sell, sale, tell, tale, trail, drill...
注意，/ʌl/ 没有 ə 的加音，因为 ʌ 和 ə 原本就非常相近。比如，ultimate /ˈʌltɪmət/，或者 result /rɪˈzəlt/。另外，在自然语音中，/iːl/ 要注意。比如， reveal 的确读做 /rɪˈviːəl/，有加音 ə，但，revealing，读作 /rɪˈviːlɪŋ/，没有加音 ə，可能是因为 l 被挪到后面和 ɪŋ 构成了第三个音节 /lɪŋ/……
Note that /ʌl/ doesn't have the schwa (ə) sound added, since /ʌ/ and ə are already very similar. For instance, ultimate /ˈəltəmət/, or result /rɪˈzəlt/. Also, pay attention to /iːl/ in natural speech. For example, while reveal is indeed pronounced as /rɪˈviːəl/, with the schwa sound, revealing is pronounced as /rɪˈviːlɪŋ/, without the schwa. This change might be due to the fact that the l sound has been moved to form a third syllable with ɪŋ as /lɪŋ/.
l 在语言学里有个专门的称呼，叫做音节辅音，就是因为它的发声动作如果完整的话，前面就会自然附加着一个轻微的元音 ə 的音色。比如，little /ˈlɪtl̩/ —— l 下面多出的那一个点 l̩ 的意思是说，这里的 l̩ 是个音节辅音，相当于 /ᵊl/…… 当然，很多词典干脆就直接标注成了 /ˈlɪtᵊl/ 或者 /ˈlɪtəl/
In linguistics, the letter l has a particular name - it's called a syllabic consonant. This is because when it is fully pronounced, a subtle vowel sound ə naturally attaches to the front of it. For example, in the word little /ˈlɪtl̩/, the dot under the l (l̩) indicates that this l is a syllabic consonant. It's equivalent to /ᵊl/. And many dictionaries simply denote it as /ˈlɪtəl/.
英文中另外一个音节辅音是 m。例如，chasm /ˈkæzm̩/，相当于 /ˈkæzəm/, prism /ˈprɪzm̩/，相当于 /ˈprɪzəm/。
Another syllabic consonant in English is m. For example, chasm /ˈkæzm̩/，equivalent to /ˈkæzəm/, and prism /ˈprɪzm̩/，equivalent to /ˈprɪzəm/.