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3.1.4. ə/əː
有些词典，常常会用 ɜ 标注 ə 这个音。另外，针对美式发音，ər 会被写成 ɚ，əːr 会被写成 ɜː 或者 ɝ。
Some dictionaries often use ɜ to annotate the sound ə. Additionally, in American pronunciation, ər is written as ɚ, and əːr is written as either ɜː or ɝ.
美国人在读这两个音的时候，常常会在末尾加上一个 r，但，也不是每一次都会加上 r。初学者容易矫枉过正，遇到这两个音就加上 r，比如，可能会把 focus 错读成 /ˈfəʊkəʳs/。
When Americans pronounce these sounds, they often rhotacize, but not always. Beginners tend to overdo it and add a r whenever they encounter these sounds, for example, mispronouncing focus as /ˈfəʊkərs/.
注意，在连贯的自然语音中，很多非重音音节的元音，都有被简化成 ə（schwa）的倾向，尤其是 ɪ。比如，individual, ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl，实际上会被读作 ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl —— jʊ 也变成了 ə，而后 ʊ 和 ə 之间有个加音 w…… 事实上，现在已经有很多词典干脆直接标注成了后者。
Keep in mind that in fluent, natural speech, many unstressed vowel sounds in syllables are often simplified to ə (schwa), especially ɪ. For instance, individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒjʊəl/, is often actually pronounced as /ˌɪndəˈvɪdʒəwəl/ - jʊ also becomes ə, and there's a added w sound between ʊ and ə… In fact, many dictionaries now straightforwardly use the latter phonetic annotation.