lostecho/everyone-can-use-english
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

l sound as in milk, double empty lines removed.

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
xiaolai
2024-08-24 08:26:01 +08:00
parent 99265bcc21
commit e5bfa87753
10 changed files with 65 additions and 37 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

1
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.3-i.md
View File

@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@
<span class="pho">ɪr</span>，相当于英音中的 <span class="pho">ɪə</span>，相当于是一个儿化的双元音 —— 可以理解为 <span class="pho">iᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">iɚ</span>，比如，*ear* <span class="pho alt">ɪr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ear-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ear-us-female.mp3"></span>…… 不过要小心，不是所有的末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 都是儿化的，比如 *idea* <span class="pho alt">aɪˈdiː.ə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/idea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/idea-us-female.mp3"></span> 末尾的 <span class="pho">ə</span> 就没有儿化。
## 3.1.3.6. 常见拼写
### <span class="pho">ɪ</span>

2
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.5-e.md
View File

@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@
美音中 <span class="pho">e</span> 的儿化音 <span class="pho">er</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/air-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/air-us-male.mp3"></span>，相当于英音中的双元音 <span class="pho">eə</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/air-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/air-uk-male.mp3"></span>，可以理解为 <span class="pho">eᵊr</span> 或者 <span class="pho">eɚ</span>…… 说的时候，请仔细体会 <span class="pho">r</span> 之前的加音 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
## 3.1.5.5. 常见拼写
### <span class="pho">e</span>
@@ -98,5 +97,4 @@
* laugh <span class="pho alt">læf</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/laugh-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/laugh-us-female.mp3"></span>
* draught <span class="pho alt">dræft</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/draught-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/draught-us-female.mp3"></span>
[^1]: 在国际音标（IPA）<span class="pho">e</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span> 这个符号代表的元音其实更接近英语音标 <span class="pho">eɪ</span> 所标识的元音, 是舌位局中靠前，嘴唇略闭，口型不圆的一个元音（a mid-front, closed, unrounded vowel）, 而《剑桥英语发声词典》里的 <span class="pho">e</span> 相当于是国际音标里的 <span class="pho">ɛ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3"></span>。

2
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.1.6-ɔ.md
View File

@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
另外，<span class="pho">ɔːl</span> 的组合也很常见，比如，palsy <span class="pho alt">ˈpɔːl.zi</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/palsy-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/palsy-us-female.mp3"></span> 或者 *wall* <span class="pho alt">wɑːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wall-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wall-us-female.mp3"></span>。
## 3.1.5.5. 常见拼写
### <span class="pho">ɑː</span> (equivalent to British <span class="pho">ɒ</span>)
@@ -134,5 +133,4 @@
* door <span class="pho alt">dɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/door-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/door-us-female.mp3"></span>
* floor <span class="pho alt">flɔːr</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/floor-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/floor-us-female.mp3"></span>
[^1]: 事实上，redraw 在《剑桥英语发声词典》里被标注为 <span class="pho alt">ˌriːˈdrɔː</span> —— 很可能是个编辑过程中的 “漏网之鱼”。

1
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.10-tsdz.md
View File

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
《剑桥英语发声词典》的 Pronunciation symbols 中没有收录 <span class="pho">ts</span> 和 <span class="pho">dz</span>。
## 3.2.10.1. 示例
<table>

28
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.12-lr.md
View File

@@ -63,26 +63,30 @@
<span class="pho">l</span> 在音节末尾的时候，有一个看不到的动作，舌尖会向前向上移动直至贴到龈脊。于是，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 之前会有一个加音，轻微的 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>。
说实话，倒也不是特别难，这只不过是几分钟就可以解决的问题。
> * 先反复说 <span class="pho">ə... əl... ə... əl...</span> 这里格外需要注意：嘴唇张开之后没有其它动作，**不要带嘴唇变化造成的 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**；从 <span class="pho">ə</span> 到 <span class="pho">l</span> 的过程中，保持声带振动，剩余的全靠舌尖移动完成……
> * 接着直接反复说 <span class="pho">əl... əl...</span>
> * 再反复说 <span class="pho">əlk... əlk...</span>
> * 现在反复说 <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span> 现在需要格外注意：为了 <span class="pho">m</span> 发声所以需要张开嘴唇，但，**此后嘴唇没有其他动作，否则会带着 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 的音色**……（另外一个需要注意的是，不要把 <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 读成 <span class="pho">i</span>。）
> * 现在反复说 <span class="pho">mɪəlk... mɪəlk...</span>
> [!Note]
> 需要格外注意的有亮点：
> * <span class="pho">ɪ</span> 不是 <span class="pho">iː</span> 的简单化短版本（[3.1.3.2](3.1.3-i#_3-1-3-2-短元音-ɪ)），它更接近 <span class="pho">eɪ</span> 的短版本。于是，milk 是 <span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span>，不是 <span class="pho alt">milk</span>，你哪怕把它读成 <span class="pho alt">meɪlk</span> 都可能更准确一些 —— 只不过得想办法把 <span class="pho">eɪ</span> 读得短一点<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/milk-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/milk-us-female.mp3"></span>……
> * <span class="pho">l</span> 这个音，在音节末尾的时候，舌尖有个向前移动至龈脊（位置 ③）的动作 —— 这个动作很重要，否则与它相关的连读就说不出来（[4.4.1](4.4-linking#_4-4-1-辅音-元音-consonant-vowel)）。很多人会用 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 替代这个动作，比如，吧 *result* <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəlt</span> 读成 <span class="pho alt">rɪˈzəʊt</span>；同样，<span class="pho alt">mɪlk</span> 也实际上被很多人读作 <span class="pho alt">mɪʊk</span>…… 必须注意，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">l</span> 只有舌尖动作，**没有嘴唇动作**。
再用同样的方式练练 *girl* <span class="pho alt">ɡɝːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/girl-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/girl-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">gəʊ</span>）, *world* <span class="pho alt">wɝːld</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/world-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/world-us-female.mp3"></span>（常常会被误读成 <span class="pho alt">wəʊd</span>）。
以 <span class="pho">l</span> 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 <span class="pho">ə</span>，比如：
以 <span class="pho">l</span> 处于音节末尾的常用词汇很多，读得时候要注意，要加上 <span class="pho">ᵊ</span>，比如：
> * *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/file-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *fail* <span class="pho alt">feɪl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">feɪᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/fail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/fail-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *file* <span class="pho alt">faɪl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">faɪᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/file-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/file-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *sell* <span class="pho alt">sel</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">seᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sell-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *sale* <span class="pho alt">seɪl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">seɪᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sale-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *tell* <span class="pho alt">tel</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">teᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tell-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tell-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *tale* <span class="pho alt">teɪl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">teɪᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/tale-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/tale-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *trail* <span class="pho alt">treɪl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">treɪᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trail-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trail-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *drill* <span class="pho alt">drɪl</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">drɪᵊl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/drill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/drill-us-female.mp3"></span>
> [!Note]
>
@@ -111,7 +115,6 @@
| ③ | <span class="pho">t</span>, <span class="pho">d</span>, <span class="pho">l</span>, <span class="pho">ʃ</span>, <span class="pho">ʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tʃ</span>, <span class="pho">dʒ</span>, <span class="pho">tr</span>, <span class="pho">dr</span> |
| ④ | <span class="pho">r</span> |
## 3.2.12.5. 常见拼写
### <span class="pho">l</span>
@@ -126,7 +129,6 @@
* call <span class="pho alt">kɔːl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/call-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/call-us-female.mp3"></span>
* thrill <span class="pho alt">θrɪl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/thrill-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/thrill-us-female.mp3"></span>
### <span class="pho">r</span>
* **r**

1
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.13-wj.md
View File

@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
<span class="pho">w</span> 和 <span class="pho">j</span> 是半元音。
<span class="pho">w</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ʊ</span>，比如 *way* <span class="pho">weɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/way-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/way-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho">ʊeɪ</span>。
<span class="pho">j</span> 与后面的元音相连，相当于在那个元音前面加上了一个 <span class="pho">ɪ</span>，比如 *you* <span class="pho alt">juː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/you-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/you-us-female.mp3"></span>，读音上相当于是 <span class="pho alt">iuː</span>。

1
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/3.2.3-kg.md
View File

@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
另外，夹在两个元音之间的 <span class="pho">k</span> 也会出现像 <span class="pho">t</span> 夹在两个元音之间时那样的浊化现象，听起来更接近 <span class="pho">g</span>。比如，*look out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/look-out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/look-out-us-female.mp3"></span>，*seek out*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/seek-out-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/seek-out-us-female.mp3"></span>，*woke up*<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/woke-up-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/woke-up-us-female.mp3"></span>。
## 3.2.4. 常见拼写
### <span class="pho">k</span>

2
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.4-linking.md
View File

@@ -131,7 +131,6 @@
> * *specifying* - <span class="pho alt">ˈspes.ə.faɪ.ʲɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/specifying-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/specifying-us-female.mp3"></span>
> * *spying* - <span class="pho alt">spaɪ.ʲɪŋ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/spying-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/spying-us-female.mp3"></span>
前一个音节以 <span class="pho">ʊ</span> 结尾，比如 <span class="pho">ʊ/uː/aʊ/oʊ</span>，会出现加音 <span class="pho">ʷ</span>：
> - *Go away* - <span class="pho alt">ˈɡoʊ əˈweɪ</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈɡoʊʷəˈweɪ</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Go-away-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Go-away-us-female.mp3"></span>
@@ -139,5 +138,4 @@
> - *Do it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈduː ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈduːʷɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Do-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Do-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
> - *Throw it* - <span class="pho alt">ˈθroʊ ˈɪt</span> ⭢ <span class="pho alt">ˈθroʊʷɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/Throw-it-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/Throw-it-us-female.mp3"></span>
[^1]: This audio clip is extracted from the Audible edition of Knowledge and Decisions by Thomas Sowell.

1
1000-hours/sounds-of-american-english/4.5-sentences.md
View File

@@ -204,6 +204,5 @@
反复听几遍就知道了，"*but her communication of the project* **details**" 这个意群里，只有 *details* 这个词放缓了，被强读了，<span class="pho alt">dɪ̅ˈte̅ɪlz</span>，第一个音节甚至都被拉长了（毕竟是平调），但，前面的 "*but her communication of the project*"，每个词，每个音节都读得很快，都被弱读了，乃至于 *communication* <span class="pho alt">kəˌmjuː.nəˈkeɪ.ʃən</span> 里的长元音、双元音都很短，弱化，甚至，感觉上都变成了 <span class="pho alt">kə.məː.nə.kɤ.ʃən</span>…… 其中有不少需要注意的细节，含有很多**音变**（可能需要反复参照[音素详解](3-details)中的内容）。
[^1] 这个例子来自于 [Macquarie University](https://www.mq.edu.au/about/about-the-university/our-faculties/medicine-and-health-sciences/departments-and-centres/department-of-linguistics/our-research/phonetics-and-phonology/speech/phonetics-and-phonology/Intonation-tobi-introduction)
[^2] 这个例子来自于 *Manual of American English Pronunciation*, 4th edition, by Clifford H. Prator, Jr. BettyWallaceRobinett, 1972