43 lines
2.0 KiB
Markdown
43 lines
2.0 KiB
Markdown
# 1.2 音素（Phonemes）
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在自然语音中，不可继续分割的组成部分被称为**音素**（phonemes）。英语的音素分为**元音**和**辅音**。
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In natural speech, indivisible sound segments are referred to as *phonemes*. English language categorizes these phonemes into two types: *vowels* and *consonants*.
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## 1.2.1 元音（Vowels）
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英语总计约有 20 个**元音**。
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English approximately has 20 *vowels*.
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元音可以被分为短元音（*short vowels*）和**长元音**（*long vowels*）；与此同时，它们也可以分为**单元音**（*monophthongs*）和**双元音**（*diphthongs*）。
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Vowels can be classified into *long* and *short* vowels, or alternatively, they can also be grouped as *monophthongs* and *diphthongs*.
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| Monophthongs | | Diphthongs |
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| ------------ | ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
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| Short vowels | `ʌ` `e` `ə` `ɪ` `ʊ` `ɒ` | |
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| Long vowels | `ɑː` `æ` `əː` `iː` `uː` `ɔː` | `aɪ` `eɪ` `ɔɪ` `aʊ` `oʊ` `eə` `ɪə` `ʊə` |
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严格意义上来讲，`æ` 是半长元音，即，它比长元音短一点，但比短元音长一点。
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To put it strictly, `æ` is a mid-length vowel. That means it's a bit shorter than long vowels but longer than short vowels.
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## 1.2.2 辅音（Consonants）
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英文总计 28 个辅音。
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English approximately has 28 *consonants*.
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| Airflow | Voiced or not | Consonants |
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| --------- | ------------- | ------------------- |
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| Plosive | Voiceless | `p` `t` `k` |
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| | Voiced | `b` `d` `g` |
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| Fricative | Voiceless | `f` `s` `θ` `ʃ` `h` |
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| | Voiced | `v` `z` `ð` `ʒ` `r` |
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| Affricate | Voiceless | `tʃ` `tr` `ts` |
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| | Voiced | `dʒ` `dr` `dz` |
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| Nasal | Voiced | `m` `n` `ŋ` |
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| Lateral | Voiced | `l` |
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| Semivowel | | `j` `w` |
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