136 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
136 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# 3.2.5. <span class="pho">s</span>/<span class="pho">z</span>
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## 3.2.5.1. 示例
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>British</strong></td>
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<td colspan="2"><strong>American</strong></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td>D.J.</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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<td>IPA</td>
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<td>例词（Example）</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>s</b>ituation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/situation-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/situation-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>s</b>ituation <span class="pho alt">ˌsɪtʃ.uˈeɪ.ʃən</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/situation-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/situation-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><span class="pho">z</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/uk_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>z</b>oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-uk-female="/audios/zoo-uk-female.mp3" data-audio-uk-male="/audios/zoo-uk-male.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><span class="pho">z</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_zoo_2023feb.mp3"></span></td>
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<td><b>z</b>oo <span class="pho alt">zuː</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zoo-us-female.mp3" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zoo-us-male.mp3"></span></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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## 3.2.5.2. 舌尖起始位置
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<span class="pho">s/z</span> 发声时舌尖起始位置贴近但没有接触到牙齿和牙龈的接缝处 —— 即，位置 ②。
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<table>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-positions.svg"></img></td>
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<td><img src="/images/articulator-tongue-tip-sz.svg"></img></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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中文里当然也有 <span class="pho">s</span> 这个音，但，中文里的 <span class="pho">s</span> 在发音时舌尖起始位置更接近下排牙齿，即，比位置 ② 更低一些你可以再试着用中文普通话说一遍 “我踢死你！”（<span class="pho">wǒ tī sǐ nǐ</span>）<span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-other="/audios/我踢死你-zh-cn-male.mp3"></span>……
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虽然两个略微不同的舌尖起始位置在单个音素中听不出什么区别。但，如果作为中国人不练出一个舌尖起始位置为 ② 的 <span class="pho">s</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/us_phonetics_sound_say_2023feb.mp3"></span>，那么说英文就相当吃力…… 比如，在说 <span class="pho">st</span> 这个组合的时候 —— 而 <span class="pho">st</span> 这恰好也是英文中使用频率特别高的一个组合。
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## 3.2.5.3. 长辅音
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英文的辅音原本并没有长短区分 —— 有些语言的辅音是有长短区分的 —— 亚洲语言也基本都没有这种差别。
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然而，英文的 <span class="pho">f/v</span>、<span class="pho">s/z</span>、<span class="pho">ʃ</span> 以及 <span class="pho">ts</span> 是可以拉长的，尤其是 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">ts</span>。经过提醒之后，在自然语流中你经常会注意到这种情况。
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## 3.2.5.4. <span class="pho">s</span> 之后的浊化
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另外，需要注意的是，<span class="pho">s</span> 之后的 <span class="pho">p/t/tr/k</span> 作为音节开头时会被浊化（比如，音节末尾的 <span class="pho">st</span> 中的 <span class="pho">t</span> 不会被浊化），相应读成 <span class="pho">b/d/dr/g</span>（但是，音标标注却保持原样）：
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> * *speak* <span class="pho alt">spiːk</span> → <span class="pho alt">sbiːk</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/speak-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/speak-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *student* <span class="pho alt">ˈstudənt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈsdudənt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/student-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/student-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *school* <span class="pho alt">skuːl</span> → <span class="pho alt">sguːl</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/school-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/school-us-female.mp3"></span>
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> * *frustrate* <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌstreɪt</span> → <span class="pho alt">ˈfrʌˌsdreɪt</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/frustrate-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/frustrate-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.2.5.5. 复数末尾的 <span class="pho">s</span> 和 <span class="pho">z</span>
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英语的名次和动词都有复数形式，末尾 <span class="pho">s</span> 与 <span class="pho">z</span> 的区分挺重要的，最好从一开始就能够说对…… 时间拖得越久越难改。
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* 清辅音后读作 <span class="pho">s</span>
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* *books* <span class="pho alt">bʊks</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/books-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/books-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *maps* <span class="pho alt">mæps</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/maps-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/maps-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *paths* <span class="pho alt">pæθs</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/paths-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/paths-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* 但，清辅音 <span class="pho">t</span> 和 <span class="pho">s</span> 读成 <span class="pho">ts</span>
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* *cats* <span class="pho alt">kæts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cats-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cats-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *students* <span class="pho alt">ˈstuː.dənts</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/students-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/students-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* 浊辅音后读作 <span class="pho">z</span>
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* *balls* <span class="pho alt">bɑːlz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/balls-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/balls-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *dogs* <span class="pho alt">dɑːɡz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/dogs-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/dogs-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *wolves* <span class="pho alt">wʊlvz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/wolves-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/wolves-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* 但，清辅音 <span class="pho">d</span> 和 <span class="pho">s</span> 读成 <span class="pho">dz</span>
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* *beds* <span class="pho alt">bedz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/beds-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/beds-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *cards* <span class="pho alt">kɑrdz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cards-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cards-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* 元音后读作 <span class="pho">z</span>
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* *bees* <span class="pho alt">biːz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/bees-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/bees-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *boys* <span class="pho alt">bɔɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boys-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boys-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *days* <span class="pho alt">deɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/days-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/days-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *cars* <span class="pho alt">kɑːrz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cars-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cars-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* <span class="pho">s</span>/<span class="pho">z</span>/<span class="pho">ʃ</span>/<span class="pho">tʃ</span>/<span class="pho">ʒ</span>/<span class="pho">dʒ</span> 结尾的词加上 *es* 读作 <span class="pho alt">ɪz</span>
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* *glasses* <span class="pho alt">ɡlæsɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/glasses-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/glasses-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *buzzes* <span class="pho alt">bʌzɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/buzzes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/buzzes-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *brushes* <span class="pho alt">brʌʃɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brushes-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brushes-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *watches* <span class="pho alt">wɑːtʃɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/watches-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/watches-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *garages* <span class="pho alt">ɡəˈrɑːʒɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/garages-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/garages-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* *cages* <span class="pho alt">keɪdʒɪz</span><span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cages-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cages-us-female.mp3"></span>
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## 3.2.5.6. 拼写（Spellings）
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### <span class="pho">s</span>
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* **c**
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* ceiling <span class="pho alt">ˈsiː.lɪŋ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/ceiling-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/ceiling-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* cedar <span class="pho alt">ˈsiː.dɚ</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cedar-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cedar-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* concede <span class="pho alt">kənˈsiːd</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/concede-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/concede-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **s**
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* see <span class="pho alt">siː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/see-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/see-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sea <span class="pho alt">siː</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sea-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sea-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sick <span class="pho alt">sɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sick-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sick-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **ss**
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* boss <span class="pho alt">bɑːs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/boss-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/boss-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* class <span class="pho alt">klæs</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/class-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/class-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* stress <span class="pho alt">stres</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/stress-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/stress-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **sc**
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* scene <span class="pho alt">siːn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/scene-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/scene-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* science <span class="pho alt">ˈsaɪ.əns</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/science-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/science-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* sceptic <span class="pho alt">ˈskep.tɪk</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/sceptic-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/sceptic-us-female.mp3"></span>
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### <span class="pho">z</span>
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* **z**
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* zone <span class="pho alt">zoʊn</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zone-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zone-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* zebra <span class="pho alt">ˈziː.brə</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/zebra-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/zebra-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **zz**
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* buzz <span class="pho alt">bʌz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/buzz-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/buzz-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* jazz <span class="pho alt">dʒæz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/jazz-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/jazz-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* puzzle <span class="pho alt">ˈpʌz.əl</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/puzzle-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/puzzle-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **s**
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* present <span class="pho alt">ˈprez.ənt</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/present-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/present-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* raise <span class="pho alt">reɪz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/raise-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/raise-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* rose <span class="pho alt">roʊz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/rose-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/rose-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* **s** (forming plurals after vowels or voiced consonants)
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* cars <span class="pho alt">kɑːrz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/cars-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/cars-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* trees <span class="pho alt">ˈtriːz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/trees-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/trees-us-female.mp3"></span>
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* brains <span class="pho alt">breɪnz</span> <span class="speak-word-inline" data-audio-us-male="/audios/brains-us-male.mp3" data-audio-us-female="/audios/brains-us-female.mp3"></span>
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